Diseases of the eye and adnexa

Horner's syndrome is a combination of symptoms that arises when a group of nerves known as the sympathetic trunk is damaged.

Kearns–Sayre syndrome (abbreviated KSS), also known as oculocraniosomatic disorder or oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disorder with ragged red fibers, is a mitochondrial myopathy with a typical onset before 20 years of age.

Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is the obstruction of nasolacrimal duct and may be either congenital or acquired.

Convergence insufficiency or convergence disorder is a sensory and neuromuscular anomaly of the binocular vision system, characterized by a reduced ability of the eyes to turn towards each other, or sustain convergence.

Esophoria is a condition characterised by inward deviation of the eye, usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance.

Hypertropia is a condition of misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), whereby the visual axis of one eye is higher than the fellow fixating eye.

Adie syndrome (/ˈeɪdi/), sometimes known as Holmes–Adie syndrome or Adie's tonic pupil, is a neurological disorder characterized by a tonically dilated pupil that reacts slowly to light but shows a more definite response to accommodation (i.e., light-near dissociation).

Parinaud's Syndrome, also known as dorsal midbrain syndrome, vertical gaze palsy, and Sunset Sign, is an inability to move the eyes up.

Vitelliform macular dystrophy or vitelliform dystrophy is an irregular autosomal dominant eye disorder which can cause progressive vision loss.

Cytomegalovirus retinitis, also known as CMV retinitis, is an inflammation of the retina of the eye that can lead to blindness.

Ocular hypertension is a clinical term describing the presence of elevated intraocular pressure in the absence of optic nerve damage or visual field loss.

Nyctalopia /ˌnɪktəlˈoʊpiə/ (from Greek νύκτ-, nykt- "night"; ἀλαός, alaos "blind, not seeing", and ὄψ, ops "eye"), also called night-blindness, is a condition making it difficult or impossible to see in relatively low light.

Ocular ischemic syndrome is the constellation of ocular signs and symptoms secondary to severe, chronic arterial hypoperfusion to the eye.

Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina separates from the layer underneath.

Entropion is a medical condition in which the eyelid (usually the lower lid) folds inward.

Keratoconus (KC, KCN, KTCN) is a degenerative disorder of the eye in which structural changes within the cornea cause it to thin and change to a more conical shape than the more normal gradual curve.

Madarosis is a condition that results in the loss of eyelashes, sometimes eyebrows.

Argyll Robertson pupils (AR pupils or, colloquially, "prostitute's pupils") are bilateral small pupils that reduce in size on a near object (i.e., they accommodate), but do not constrict when exposed to bright light (i.e., they do not react to light).

Blepharitis (/blɛfərˈaɪtᵻs/ BLEF-ər-EYE-tis) is a common eye condition characterized by chronic inflammation of the eyelid, usually where eyelashes grow, resulting in inflamed, irritated, itchy, and reddened eyelids.

Blepharochalasis is an inflammation of the eyelid that is characterized by exacerbations and remissions of eyelid edema, which results in a stretching and subsequent atrophy of the eyelid tissue, leading to the formation of redundant folds over the lid margins.

Ectropion is a medical condition in which the lower eyelid turns outwards.

Esotropia is a form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turns inward.

Hypertensive retinopathy is damage to the retina and retinal circulation due to high blood pressure (i.e. hypertension).

Lagophthalmos is defined as the inability to close the eyelids completely.

Ptosis is a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid.

Quadrantanopia, quadrantanopsia, or quadrant anopia refers to an anopia affecting a quarter of the field of vision.

Retinal hemorrhage is a disorder of the eye in which bleeding occurs into the light sensitive tissue on the back wall of the eye.

Papilledema (or papilloedema) is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure.

Dacryoadenitis is inflammation of the lacrimal glands (the tear-producing glands).

Vitreous hemorrhage is the extravasation, or leakage, of blood into the areas in and around the vitreous humor of the eye.

A synechia is an eye condition where the iris adheres to either the cornea (i.e. anterior synechia) or lens (i.e. posterior synechia).

Birdshot chorioretinopathy is a rare form of bilateral posterior uveitis affecting the eye.

Exophoria is a form of heterophoria in which there is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward.

Oculomotor nerve palsy or third nerve palsy is an eye condition resulting from damage to the third cranial nerve or a branch thereof.

In anatomy, heterochromia (ancient Greek: ἕτερος, héteros, different + χρώμα, chróma, color) is a difference in coloration, usually of the iris but also of hair or skin.

Blepharophimosis is a condition where the patient has bilateral ptosis with reduced lid size, vertically and horizontally.

Strabismus, also called crossed eyes, is a condition in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object.

Von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL) is a disease which results from a mutation in the von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 3p25.

Exotropia is a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward.

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) or Leber optic atrophy is a mitochondrially inherited (transmitted from mother to offspring) degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons that leads to an acute or subacute loss of central vision; this affects predominantly young adult males.

A cone dystrophy is an inherited ocular disorder characterized by the loss of cone cells, the photoreceptors responsible for both central and color vision.

Aniseikonia is an ocular condition where there is a significant difference in the perceived size of images.

Loa loa filariasis is a skin and eye disease caused by the nematode worm Loa loa.

Bullous keratopathy is a pathological condition in which small vesicles, or bullae, are formed in the cornea due to endothelial dysfunction.

Aphakia is the absence of the lens of the eye, due to surgical removal, a perforating wound or ulcer, or congenital anomaly.

Uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea, the pigmented layer that lies between the inner retina and the outer fibrous layer composed of the sclera and cornea.

Keratomalacia is an eye disorder that results from vitamin A deficiency.

Acanthamoeba keratitis is a rare disease in which amoebae invade the cornea of the eye.

Anisometropia is the condition in which the two eyes have unequal refractive power.

Anophthalmia, (Greek: ανόφθαλμος, "without eye"), is the medical term for the absence of one or both eyes.

Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a rare inherited eye disease that appears at birth or in the first few months of life, and affects around 1 in 80,000 of the population.

X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy (XECD) is a rare form of corneal dystrophy described first in 2006, based on a 4-generation family of 60 members with 9 affected males and 35 trait carriers, which led to mapping the XECD locus to Xq25.

Marshall syndrome is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue which can cause hearing loss.

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (other names: Exfoliation glaucoma, Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, Pseudoexfoliation of the lens, Exfoliation syndrome), sometimes abbreviated as PEX, is an aging–related systemic disease manifesting itself primarily in the eyes which is characterized by the accumulation of microscopic granular amyloid-like protein fibers.

In medicine, enophthalmia describes eyes that are abnormally sunken into their sockets.

Sclerocornea is a congenital anomaly of the eye in which the cornea blends with sclera, having no clear-cut boundary.

Diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) is a sterile inflammation of the cornea which may occur after refractive surgery, such as LASIK.

Bitot's spots are the buildup of keratin located superficially in the conjunctiva, which are oval, triangular or irregular in shape.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) or spring catarrh is a recurrent, bilateral, and self-limiting inflammation of conjunctiva, having a periodic seasonal incidence.

Amaurosis fugax (Latin fugax meaning fleeting, Greek amaurosis meaning darkening, dark, or obscure) is a painless transient monocular or binocular visual loss (i.e., loss of vision in one or both eyes that is not permanent).

Corneal abrasion is a medical condition involving the loss of the surface epithelial layer of the eye's cornea.

Asteroid hyalosis is a degenerative condition of the eye involving small white opacities in the vitreous humor.

Hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy (HJMD or CDH3) is an extremely rare congenital disease characterized by sparse hair growth (hypotrichosis) from birth and progressive macular corneal dystrophy.

Graves' ophthalmopathy (also known as thyroid eye disease (TED), dysthyroid/thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), Graves' orbitopathy) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting the orbit around the eye, characterized by upper eyelid retraction, lid lag, swelling, redness (erythema), conjunctivitis, and bulging eyes (exopthalmos).

Giant-cell arteritis (GCA), also called temporal arteritis, cranial arteritis, or Horton disease is an inflammatory disease of blood vessels most commonly involving large and medium arteries of the head, predominantly the branches of the external carotid artery.

Buphthalmos (plural: buphthalmoses) is enlargement of the eyeball and is most commonly seen in infants and young children.

Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is a medical condition arising from the underdevelopment of the optic nerve(s).

Lattice degeneration is a disease of the human eye wherein the peripheral retina becomes atrophic in a lattice pattern and may develop tears, breaks, or holes, which may further progress to retinal detachment.

Recurrent corneal erosion is a disorder of the eyes characterized by the failure of the cornea's outermost layer of epithelial cells to attach to the underlying basement membrane (Bowman's layer).

Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION), sometimes called chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuritis, is a form of recurrent optic neuritis that is steroid responsive.

Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) is a failure of the normal development of the tissues of the anterior segment of the eye.

Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD), (de Morsier syndrome) is a rare congenital malformation syndrome featuring underdevelopment of the optic nerve, pituitary gland dysfunction, and absence of the septum pellucidum (a midline part of the brain).

Coloboma of optic nerve, is a rare defect of the optic nerve that causes moderate to severe visual field defects.

Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), also known as Persistent Fetal Vasculature (PFV), is a rare congenital developmental anomaly of the eye that resultsfollowing failure of the embryological, primary vitreous and hyaloid vasculature to regress.

Ocular rosacea is a manifestation of rosacea that affects the eyes and eyelids.