Diabetes

Gestational diabetes also known as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), is when a woman without diabetes, develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy.

Metabolic syndrome, sometimes known by , is a clustering of at least three of the five (unfold into nine combination) following medical conditions: * abdominal (central) obesity (cf. TOFI) * elevated blood pressure * elevated fasting plasma glucose * high serum triglycerides * low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels Metabolic syndrome is associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

The pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans are the regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (i.e., hormone-producing) cells, discovered in 1869 by German pathological anatomist Paul Langerhans.

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (also known as type 1 diabetes) is a form of diabetes mellitus in which not enough insulin is produced.

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is a complication of diabetes mellitus (predominantly type 2) in which high blood sugars cause severe dehydration, increases in osmolarity (relative concentration of solute) and a high risk of complications, coma and death.

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a long term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin.

The following is a glossary of diabetes which explains terms connected with diabetes.

Diabetic angiopathy is a form of angiopathy associated with diabetes mellitus.

Diabetic retinopathy ([ˌrɛtnˈɑpəθi]), also known as diabetic eye disease, is when damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes.

The Maillard reaction (/maɪˈjɑːr/ my-YAR; French pronunciation: ​[majaʁ]) is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that gives browned food its desirable flavor.

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.

The glycemic load (GL) of food is a number that estimates how much the food will raise a person's blood glucose level after eating it.

NPH insulin, also known as isophane insulin (INN) and by , is an intermediate-acting insulin given to help control the blood sugar level of people with diabetes.

Diabetic neuropathies are nerve damaging disorders associated with diabetes mellitus.

Pramlintide (Symlin) is an injectable amylin analogue drug for diabetes (both type 1 and 2), developed by Amylin Pharmaceuticals (now a wholly owned subsidiary of AstraZeneca).

Prediabetes is the precursor stage before diabetes mellitus in which not all of the symptoms required to diagnose diabetes are present, but blood sugar is abnormally high.

The term diabetes includes several different metabolic disorders that all, if left untreated, result in abnormally high concentration of a sugar called glucose in the blood.

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes – abbreviated to MELAS – is one of the family of mitochondrial cytopathies, which also include MERRF, and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar (also spelled hyperglycaemia or hyperglycæmia) is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma.

Wolfram syndrome, also called DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness), is a rare autosomal-recessive genetic disorder that causes childhood-onset diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness as well as various other possible disorders.

Fernando del Valle (né Brian Skinner, 28 February 1964) is an American operatic tenor.

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by the buildup of lactate (especially L-lactate) in the body, with as a result an excessively low pH.

Pioglitazone (brand name Actos) is a prescription drug of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class with hypoglycemic (antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic) action to treat diabetes.

The connecting peptide, or C-peptide, is a short 31-amino-acid polypeptide that connects insulin's A-chain to its B-chain in the proinsulin molecule.

The complications of diabetes mellitus are far less common and less severe in people who have well-controlled blood sugar levels.

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), also known as the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, is an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones.

Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar, is when blood sugar decreases to below normal levels.

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen (n-1).

Diabetic coma is a reversible form of coma found in people with diabetes mellitus.

Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also kidney failure.

Diabetic nephropathy (or diabetic kidney disease) is a progressive kidney disease caused by damage to the capillaries in the kidneys' glomeruli.

Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state associated with high concentrations of ketone bodies, formed by the breakdown of fatty acids and the deamination of amino acids.

Gliclazide is an oral hypoglycemic (anti-diabetic drug) and is classified as a sulfonylurea.

Glibenclamide (AAN, BAN, INN), also known as glyburide (USAN), is an antidiabetic drug in a class of medications known as sulfonylureas, closely related to sulfonamide antibiotics.

Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, specialized regions of the pancreas.

Diabetes mellitus and deafness (DAD) or maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) is a subtype of diabetes which is caused from a point mutation at position 3243 in human mitochondrial DNA, which consists of a circular genome.

A diabetic foot is a foot that exhibits any pathology that results directly from diabetes mellitus or any long-term (or "chronic") complication of diabetes mellitus.

Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) refers to any of several hereditary forms of diabetes caused by mutations in an autosomal dominant gene (sex independent, i.e. inherited from any of the parents) disrupting insulin production.

Bardoxolone methyl (also known as “RTA 402”, “CDDO-methyl ester”, and CDDO-Me) is an experimental and orally-available semi-synthetic triterpenoid, based on the scaffold of the natural product oleanolic acid.

Necrobiosis lipoidica is a necrotising skin condition that usually occurs in patients with diabetes mellitus but can also be associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

Frey's syndrome (also known as Baillarger’s syndrome, Dupuy’s syndrome, auriculotemporal syndrome, or Frey-Baillarger syndrome) is a rare neurological disorder resulting from damage to or near the parotid glands responsible for making saliva, and from damage to the auriculotemporal nerve often from surgery.

Insulin for Life USA (IFL USA) is a non-profit organization based in the United States that provides diabetes medications and supplies to individuals with diabetes in developing countries who would otherwise go without them.

A newly identified and potentially treatable form of monogenic diabetes is the neonatal diabetes caused by activating mutations of the KCNJ11 gene, which codes for the Kir6.

Type 3 diabetes is a proposed term for Alzheimer's disease resulting in an insulin resistance in the brain.

Muscle atrophy is defined as a decrease in the mass of the muscle; it can be a partial or complete wasting away of muscle, and is most commonly experienced when persons suffer temporary disabling circumstances such as being restricted in movement and/or confined to bed as when hospitalized.

Blood glucose monitoring is a way of testing the concentration of glucose in the blood (glycemia).

Fluorescent glucose biosensors are devices that measure the concentration of glucose in diabetic patients by means of sensitive protein that relays the concentration by means of fluorescence, an alternative to amperometric sension of glucose.

Glucagon rescue is the emergency injection of glucagon in case of severe diabetic hypoglycemia.

Lipoatrophic diabetes is a type of diabetes mellitus presenting with severe lipodystrophy in addition to the traditional signs of diabetes.

Wolcott–Rallison syndrome, WRS, is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder with infancy-onset diabetes mellitus, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, osteopenia, mental retardation or developmental delay, and hepatic and renal dysfunction as main clinical findings.

The Flame of Hope is an eternal flame that honours Sir Frederick Banting's discovery of insulin, as well as all those who have been affected by diabetes.

Insulin aspart is a fast-acting insulin analog marketed by Novo Nordisk as NovoLog/NovoRapid.

Insulin lispro (marketed by Eli Lilly and Company as Humalog) is a fast acting insulin analog.

Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is diabetes specifically caused by cystic fibrosis, a genetic condition.

Proximal diabetic neuropathy, also known as lumbosacral radioplexus neurophagy, femoral neurophagy and diabetic amyotrophy, is a nerve disorder that results as a complication of diabetes mellitus.

Glucosio is a free and open source project, created in 2015 by a group of open source developers to develop Android, iOS and Firefox OS apps for diabetes management and research.

MODY 1 is a form of maturity onset diabetes of the young.

MODY 2 is a form of maturity onset diabetes of the young.

MODY 3 is a form of maturity onset diabetes of the young.

Renal cysts and diabetes syndrome (RCAD), also known as MODY 5, is a form of maturity onset diabetes of the young.

The Minkowski Prize is given by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), in recognition to research which has been carried out by a person normally residing in Europe, as manifested by publications which contribute to the advancement of knowledge concerning diabetes mellitus.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a potentially life-threatening complication in people with diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published since 1952 by the American Diabetes Association.

Captain Novolin is an educational platform video game, starring the eponymous superhero who has type 1 diabetes.

Diabetic hypoglycemia is a low blood glucose level occurring in a person with diabetes mellitus.

Nopal (from the Nahuatl word nohpalli [noʔˈpalːi] for the pads of the plant) is a common name in Mexican Spanish for Opuntia cacti (commonly referred to in English as prickly pear), as well as for its pads.

Diabetic foot ulcer is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, and probably the major component of the diabetic foot.

Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM) is a form of diabetes mellitus presenting at birth that is not permanent.

Diabetes Health magazine, published by King's Publishing in California, United States, is one of the US's biggest magazines focusing on diabetes and the complications that are the everyday concern of people with this disease and also their families and friends.

Diabetes Care is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published since 1978 by the American Diabetes Association.

Diabetic Hypoglycemia is a triannual open access peer-reviewed medical journal published by ESP Bioscience.

Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism are inborn error of metabolism that affect the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates.