Demographic economics

Rural flight (or rural exodus) is the migratory pattern of peoples from rural areas into urban areas.

The Gini coefficient (sometimes expressed as a Gini ratio or a normalized Gini index) (/dʒini/ jee-nee) is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income distribution of a nation's residents, and is the most commonly used measure of inequality.

The birth rate (technically, births/population rate) is the total number of live births per 1,000 of a population in a year.

The demographic features of the population of Japan include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects regarding the population.

Human capital flight refers to the emigration of highly skilled or well-educated individuals.

Population decline can refer to the decline in population of any organism, but this article refers to population decline in humans.

Ageing population is a phenomenon that occurs when the median age of a country or region increases due to rising life expectancy and/or declining fertility rates.

A population pyramid, also called an age pyramid or age picture is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.

The Malthusian trap is named after the view of Thomas Robert Malthus that improvements in a society's standard of living are not sustainable because of population growth.

Demographic transition (DT) refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

Malthusianism is a school of ideas derived from the political/economic thought of the Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, as laid out in his 1798 writings, An Essay on the Principle of Population, which describes how unchecked population growth is exponential while the growth of the food supply was expected to be arithmetical.

Female participation and advancement in majority Muslim countries, or nations in which more than 50% of the population identifies as an adherent of the Islamic faith, has traditionally been areas of controversy.

Ladli Laxmi Yojana is a scheme introduced by government of Madhya Pradesh with the objective to lay a firm foundation of girls’ future through improvement in their educational and economic status and to bring about a positive change in social attitude towards birth of a girl.

The term "missing women" indicates a shortfall in the number of women relative to the expected number of women in a region or country.