carson.henry-
sagittal, frontal, and transverse plane
- sagittal: medial, divides body to L/R sides (arrow through their side and their body being cut through the middle)
- frontal: coronal, Divides body into front and back halves
- transverse: horizontal, Divides body into top and bottom halves
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proximal and distal
- proximal: Close to the origin of reference
- distal: Further away from the origin of reference
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flexion and extension
- flexion: Decreasing the angle (sagittal plane)
- extension: Increasing the angle (sagittal plane)
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abduction and adduction
- abduction: Moving away from the body (frontal plane)
- adduction: Moving towards the body (frontal plane)
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medial and lateral rotation
- medial: rotating inwards
- lateral: rotating outwards
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dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
- dorsiflexion: toes to shin
- plantarflexion: toes away from shin (calf raise)
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inversion and eversion
- inversion: bottom of foot inwards
- eversion: bottom of foot outwards
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skeletal system explained (includes, does what, how many bones)
- includes bones, joints
- protects organs and tissues
- 206 bones
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what do bones store?
are they living?
- Bones are living organs that store calcium, iron, energy (fat)
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red marrow
- Produces RBC’s
- Inside of our bones
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skeleton split into...
- appendicular (limbs) and axial skeleton
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axial skeleton
- 80 bones
- sacrum and upwards (no limbs)
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appendicular skeleton
- The limbs of the body
- Pelvis and down
- Shoulder and out
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bones types
- long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
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long bones
- Major bones of the limbs
- Grow more than other bones through childhood
- Hollow in the middle that stores bone marrow (medullary cavity)
- Ex) femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, metatarsals, phalanges
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short bones
- As long as they are wide
- Cubed or round usually
- Ex) carpals, tarsals
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flat bones
- Thin and in one direction
- No medullary cavity
- Ex) cranial bones, pelvis, ribs
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irregular bones
- Weird shapes
- Ex) vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
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sesamoid bones
- Inside of tendons
- Protect tendons
- Formed after birth
- Ex) patella, pisiform
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joints definition
- contact between bones, bone/cartilage, or bone/tooth
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types of joints
- synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous
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synovial joints
- Most common
- Small gap between bones
- Free ROM
- Synovial fluid inside
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fibrous joints
- Bones tightly joined
- Little to no mvmnt
- Hold teeth in their sockets
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cartilaginous joints
- Where bone meets cartilage or cartilage between 2 bones
- Allow for a small amount of mvmnt
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muscular system (def, how many, made up of what)
- Does the mvmnts of the body
- 700 muscles
- Made up of muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, nerves
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muscles and weight fact
- Makes up half of someone’s bodyweight
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muscle types
- cardiac, smooth, skeletal
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cardiac muscle (where, what it does, voluntary?)
- In heart
- Contracts heart
- Involuntary
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smooth muscle (where, what it does, voluntary?)
- Involuntary bodily functions
- Dilation
- Involuntary
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skeletal muscle (where, what it does, voluntary?)
- Attach to bones by tendons
- Produce mvmnt
- Voluntary
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inside the muscle
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sarcolemma
- Cell membrane of muscle fibres
- Conducts electrochemical signals to stimulate muscle cells
- Includes: Transverse tubules
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transverse tubules
- Attach to sarcolemma
- Carry the electrochemical signals to middle of muscle fibre
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sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
- Stores Ca+ (which contract muscle fibers)
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mitochondria
- Powerhouse of the cell
- Produce ATP
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myofibrils
- Make up most of the muscle fibre’s structure
- Made up of sarcomeres
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sarcomeres
- Made up of thick and thin filaments (proteins)
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thick filaments
- Myosin
- Binds to actin, moving it with ATP
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thin filaments
- actin
- tropomyosin
- troponin
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actin
- Myosin binds to actin on actin binding sites and moves actin
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tropomyosin
- Wraps around actin and blocks binding sites
- Moved by troponin
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troponin
- Moves tropomyosin out of the way of actin binding sites, allowing myosin to bind to actin
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explain the sliding filament model
- Actin and myosin filaments slide over each other
- Sarcomeres shorten
- With enough of these sarcomeres shortening, the muscle contracts
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explain an action potential
- A nerve impulse (action potential) is transmitted from the brain/ spinal cord to a neuromuscular junction (NJ)
- When it reaches the NJ, it triggers a neurotransmitter to be released that signals the muscle fibres to contract
- Muscle fibres are then activated by motor neurons
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motor unit is made up of what
- motor neuron
- the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates
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motor neuron
- Activates muscle fibres
- Can innervate and control hundreds of muscle fibres at a time (can control more muscle fibres in larger muscles)
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types of muscle fibres
- Slow twitch oxidative
- Fast twitch glycolytic
- Intermediate fast twitch
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Slow twitch oxidative fibres
- Contract slower than fast twitch
- Lots of mitochondria to give lots of ATP through aerobic metabolism
- Resistant to fatigue (Ex: good for long distance running)
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Fast twitch glycolytic fibres
- Contract harder and faster than slow twitch
- Low amount of aerobic energy supply
- Fatigue quickly
- Good for anaerobic activities (Ex: sprinting, jumping)
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Intermediate fast twitch fibres
- A medium amount of aerobic and anaerobic energy supply
- Medium fatigue
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Skeletal muscle biomechanics (think lever)
- Joint acts as the fulcrum and bone acts as the lever
- Usually 3rd class lever (fulcrum at end of lever)
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Antagonistic pairs
- Two opposing muscle groups
- Bones held together by ligaments
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Agonist muscles
- Contract and generate F for mvmnt
- Include prime movers and synergists (helpers)
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Antagonist muscles
- Relax and lengthen the muscles
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Joints stabilizers
- Muscles that prevent unwanted mvmnt
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ATP (what, made up of, etc)
- Energy source for muscles
- Made up of carbs, fat, protein
- Must be continually regenerated bc it only supplies energy for a few seconds
- 3 systems create and resupply ATP
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the 3 systems that create and resupply ATP
- all of them work at the same time but one is dominant depending on what the body is doing
- 1. Anaerobic Alactic System (ATP-PC system)
- 2. Anaerobic Lactic System
- 3. Aerobic system
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Anaerobic Alactic System (ATP-PC system)
- 0-10 seconds
- For quick, powerful bursts
- No oxygen produced and no lactic acid created
- Uses stored ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) to regenerate ATP-
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Anaerobic Lactic System
- 10 seconds to 2 minutes
- Uses glycolysis: breaks down glucose (carbs) into ATP
- Produces fatigue (lactic acid + H+, ADP, Pi, CO2, water)
- Main system for sprinting, weight training, HIIT
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Aerobic system
- Low/moderate intensity
- Long duration activities (2+ minutes) (Ex: long distance running)
- Uses O2 to break down carbs, fats, and protein (last resort)
- O2 deficit occurs at start of exercise but levels out (steady-state) later
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what does aerobic system use for energy
- Uses carbs early but shifts to fat (FFA’s & triglycerides) after 30 mins. Proteins used only in extreme conditions (starvation, marathons)
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byproducts of aerobic system
- CO2 + water (cleared by breathing/ sweating)
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EPOC
- (oxygen debt) = elevated O2 use after exercise for recovery
