cprt biological

reduction in an organisms or pests density due to natural enemies that occur without man’s intervention

method that relies on natural enemies to reduce pest population to tolerable level and involve natural enemy manipulation by man

An organism that lives in or on another organism and takes its nourishment from that organism

A pathogen or microorganism that parasitizes plants for example are destructive to the plants or are pests. An insect parasite are usually smaller than their host and have a shorter life cycle than their host. Usually they do not kill their host.

An organism that spends a significant portion of its life history attached to or within a single host organism in a relationship that is in essence parasitic. However, unlike a true parasite, it ultimately kills, and sometimes consumes, the host. Similar to typical parasites except in certain fate of the host

parasitize the primary parasitoid so are not considered beneficial.

feed on the host insect (some hymenopterans and dipterans) and are considered beneficial.

parasitize secondary parasitoid

primary parasitoid example

secondary parasitoid example

Tertiary parasitoid example

develops inside the host; associated with hosts in both concealed and exposed site

– develops outside of host; typically associated with hosts in “protected” sites (i.e. tunnels, leafmines, rolled leaves)

egg parasitoid

Trichogramma parasitizes what

larval parasitoid of lepidopteran pest

Parasitoid of diamond back moth

diamond back moth of cabbage

parasitoid of rice black bug eggs

Organism that attacks other organisms by devouring them.

Predators are usually bigger or just similar in size as the prey, requires more number of individual preys to complete its development, may feed on insects and arachnids like spiders and mites.

• Predatory insects are beneficial because they feed mites, etc.. directly on in

Common predatory insects include lacewings, ladybugs, and preying mantis. Ladybugs or lady beetles

have been recognized by many cultures for their predatory behaviors for centuries.

Ladybird beetle prey on aphids

Prey on small insects

Prey on psyllids

•m icroorganisms (fungi, bacteria, virus, nematode and protozoa that can attack or cause diseases and may kill the pest host.

fungus vs. insect pest

Green Muscardine Fungus

a fungal biocon agent for Rhinoceros beetle and grubs

white muscardine fungus

Yellow muscardine fungus

affects grasshopper nymph

Bacteria that infect insects

Bt endospore crystals affects what

are viral pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods.

The majority of baculoviruses used as biological control agents are in the genus

EPN that targets soil-dwelling insect larvae like grubs (beetle larvae), weevils, and rootworms.

a fungus that parasitizes a plant pathogenic fungus (fungicolous fungus species)

mycroparasite against Sclerotium rolfsii

fungal wilt in vegetable

Commercial preparation of Trichoderma-

against rust fungi Puccinia tritici the rust of wheat

the rust of wheat

fungus formulated to cause disease on weeds (fungus against weeds)

was used against the plant parasitic weed of corn, Striga sp.

virus against bacteria

used as a control for spot of tomato bacterium

biopesticide produced by Omnilytics a US-based company

is a bacteriophage-based wash solution to protect potato tubers from bacterial soft rot during storage

tomato causing bacterial speck of tomato

• Can capture, kill, and digest nematodes using a special mycelial structures called traps or spores. Or use hyphal tips to attack nematode eggs and form cysts before penetration into the nematode cuticle

a nematode trapping fungu

a fungus that infects (burrowing nematode of banana)

burrowing nematode of banana

curculionid beetle

curculionid beetle attacks what weed

devil's weed

attacks devil's weed

attacks prickly pear

saved by the Cactoblastis cactorum