CPRT 4.3

" as the scientific study of pest and pest control strategies that recognize the financial impact insects have on the industry, agriculture, and human society in genera

is defined as the physical harm or destruction to a valued commodity caused by the presence or activities of a pest (e.g., consuming leaves, tunneling in wood, feeding on blood, etc

is the monetary value lost to the commodity due to injury by the pest (e.g., spoilage, reduction in yield, loss of quality, etc.)

Any level of pest infestation causes injury

occurs whenever the value of "A" is greater than the value of "B.

Househould losses are estimates of damage are often based

Actual losses are relatively easy to measure in agricultural or industrial settings because

The break-even point, where "A" = "B," is known as the economic injury level, which is the population density at which the cost to control the pest equals the amount of damage it inflicts

Occasionally, when the insects themselves are difficult to count or detect, EIL may be based on a

It is essential to recognize that the economic injury level is a function of both the

a useful concept because it quantifies the cost/benefit ratio that underlies all pest control decisions.

is defined as the pest density at which steps are first taken to ensure that a potential pest population never exceeds its economic injury level.

the economic threshold is usually expressed in

is used for measuring diseases that affect whole plants (bacterial wilt, mosaic diseases and systemic diseases such as bacterial or fungal wilt and virus diseases.

In case of localized infection injury is expressed as ________ can be the percent of leaves infected for the whole plant or the • percentage of leaf area infected

green leaf hopper ETL during mid tillering panicle initiation to booting

green leaf hopper ETL during in other areas at the tillering stage

Rice in other areas at the tillering stage

ETL of Stem borer Moderate to severe in the nursery,

ETL of rice stem borer at rice field area at tillering stage

ETL of rice stem borer at panicle initiation to booting or flowering stages

the cause of hopper burn and the vector of ragged stunt virus disease

ETL of BPH @ tillering stage.

ETL of BPH @ panicle initiation and booting stage

ETL of BPH @ at flowering stage and after flowering

ETL of corn borer @whorl stage

ETL of core borer @ post-tassel