chem 2.2

→ refers to the overall description of how a reaction occurs → account for all reactants used and all products formed → how the covalent bonds are broken and formed as well as how electrons are distributed during the chemical reaction

shows the motion of two electrons

shows the motion of one electron

→ also called as “homolytic bond cleavage

two electrons are distributed equally to each of the product fragment

also called as “heterolytic bond cleavage

the two shared electrons go to only one of the two product fragments

symmetrical bond making and bond breaking

unsymmetrical bond making and bond breaking

requires a large input of energy supplied by heat (∆) or light (hv)

a radical adds to a π bond, thereby destroying the π bond and generating a new radical

a radical can abstract a hydrogen atom from a compound, generating a new radical

a radical can abstract a halogen atom, generating a new radical

a double bond forms between the alpha (α) and beta (β) positions

two radicals join together and form a bond

is when the radicals are created

the location of the unpaired electron is moved from place to place

- is when two radicals annihilate each other by forming a bond

due to the differences in electronegativity of the bonded atoms

→ the most common reactions in organic chemistry → see more of the full-headed ( ) or double- barbed arrow notation

polar electronegativity

The withdrawal of electrons towards oxygen is called

atoms are electron-rich atom and prefer to give electron

atoms are electron-poor atom and prefer to accept electron

δ- atom will be at the tail since it is electron-rich.

δ+ atoms will be at the head ( ) since it is electron-poor. of the full-headed arrow