chapter 27

Male duct system

the ___________ is the comma shaped organ where sperm mature composed of _______________ ________ ______ with nonmotile microvilli, it leads into the ________ ________

Male duct system

the __________ __________ runs upwards from the epididymis as part of the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity, during ejaculation smooth muscle creates strong ____________ waves that squeeze sperm along the tract

Male duct system

the ______________ ______ is the short duct that lies between the ductus deferens and the ________, it runs through the prostate and squeezes sperm along the tract during ejaculation

Male duct system

The _________ is the terminal portion f the male duct system, it transports _______ and _______ at different times and contains _________ _____ in the spongy urethra which secretes lubricating mucus into lumen before ejaculation

_______ is the milky white sticky mixture of accessory gland secretions and sperm

Semen composition

____________ cause the viscosity of _______ guarding the ________ of the uterus to decrease and stimulates reverse _________ in the uterus to facilitate sperm movement throughout the female reproductive tract

Semen composition

Hormones _______ and enzymes enhances sperm _______

Semen composition

_____ provides energy

Semen composition

Contains ingredients to suppress the __________ ________ in the female’s reproductive tract and _________ chemicals to destroy some bacteria

Semen composition

Clotting factors allow for ___________ after ejaculation, it allows sperm to stick to walls of the __________ and prevents them from draining out, the _________ liquify the coagulated sperm allowing sperm to swim through the female duct system

The male sexual response includes ________ and _________

Erection

In response to sexual stimuli, the CNS responds with the _______________ reflex which releases ________ _________ to relax _________ muscle in the penile blood vessel walls to _________ arterioles causing the erectile bodies to fill with blood

The _________ __________ expands and compresses drainage veins preventing blood outflow and maintaining engorgement

Ejaculation (1)

Discharge of nerve impulses occur over the _____________ ______ serving the genital organs

Causes the ________ _______, _________, and ________ _______ to contract emptying their contents into the ___________ _________

Bladder _________ _________ muscle constricts preventing expulsion of _______ or _______ of semen into the ________

Ejaculation (2)

Semen in the _________ trigger a ________ ________ through ________ motor neurons 

Bulbospongiosus muscles of the penis undergo rapid ___________ propelling ________ from the urethra

Rhythmic contractions accompanied by ________ and systemic changes like generalized muscle contraction, increased __________ , and __________ _________

The _________ ________ is the period following ejaculation during the ________ it is a period of muscular and physiological relaxation

_______________ nerve fibers constrict internal pudendal arteries and penile arterioles reducing blood flow into the penis and forcing blood into the general ___________

Human life cycle

Fertilization of female ___ by male _____ where each ________ has _____ the genetic information at ___ chromosomes

A _________ is formed with ___ chromosomes 

_________ allows for development of multicellular adult from zygote

Adult humans produces gametes with half the genetic information and the cycle restarts

Process of forming male gametes

occurs in the _____________ _______ of the testes and begins at ________ around the age of 14 and continues throughout life, every day a healthy adult male makes about 90 million sperm

Spermatogenesis 1

Stem cells or _____________ in direct contact with ___________ ______ __________ of the seminiferous tubules divide by ________

it creates two daughter cells, ______ ___ and ______ ___

Spermatogenesis 2

_____ __ daughter cells remain at the basal lamina to maintain the pool of dividing germ cells

_____ __ daughter cells get pushed towards the lumen to become a _________ ____________ where it will produce _____ sperm

Spermatogenesis 3

the ___________ __ event forms _________ ____________ which is 2 haploid cells formed from a single primary spermatocyte

this leads to the __________ __ event which forms small round cells with large spherical nuclei containing the correct chromosomal number of fertilization but is nonmotile, these are ___________

Spermatogenesis 4

spermatids undergo ____________ to become a sperm with a head containing compacted ______ and an __________ which allows penetration of the egg

a midpiece containing _____________ to provide ATP needed for tail movement and propel sperm

and a tail which is a typical flagellum

Hormonal interactions that regulate the production of gametes and sex hormones

brain-testicular axis 1

______________ release _______________ ________ __________ (GnRH) which reaches the ________ _________ via hypophyseal portal veins it causes the anterior pituitary gonadotropic cells to release ____________ ________ ________ and ______________ _______

brain-testicular axis 2

____ indirectly stimulates ____________ by causing _______________ to release _____________ _________ _______(ABP) which keeps the local concentration of ____________ high

brain-testicular axis 3

____ stimulates __________ _________ _____ to secrete __________ which is essential for spermatogenesis

brain-testicular axis 5

_____________ acts at other body sites to stimulate maturation of sex organs, development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics, and libido

brain-testicular axis 6

__________ __________ by testosterone inhibits _____ and ____ release from anterior pituitary and _______ release from the hypothalamus and ________ released by sustentocytes feeds back on the anterior pituitary decreasing FSH release

Ovarian follicle maturation

Diploid stem cells in females

Ovarian follicle maturation

Oogonia divide by mitosis to produce _________ ________, their production only occurs in the ______ and ________ stops in late ___________ _ before resuming years later

Ovarian follicle maturation

A single ________ is surrounded by many cells and all of them are enclosed in a _______ _________ to form an ________ _______

surrounding cells are called ______________ _____ if a single layer is present and __________ _____ when more than one layer is present

Ovarian follicle maturation

A _____________ ________ is a single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells surrounding a ________ ________

Ovarian follicle maturation

A ___________ ________ is a single layer of cuboidal pre-granulosa cells surrounding a _________ _______

Ovarian follicle maturation

A ____________ _________ has multiple layers of _____________ ______ surrounding a ________ ________

It is connected to the developing oocyte by ___ __________ allowing ions, metabolites, and signaling molecules to pass

It communicates signals between granulosa cells and oocyte to guide _______ _______________

Primordial follicles, primary follicles, and secondary follicles are all apart of the __________ _______

The __________ ________ contains fluid filled cavity called an __________ which surrounds the oocyte granulosa cells, it becomes a __________ _________ and is ejected from the follicle with the __________ __________ during ovulation

From __________ to ____________ some _____________ __________ are rescued each month right before ___________ and the ____________ ___________ in one, the _________ _________ completes ___________ __

The primary oocyte that undergoes meiosis I forms the _________ _______ __________ and a _____________ _______

The first ________ ________ has ____ chromosomes is __________ in size and receives almost no __________ or ___________

The __________ ___________ contains has ____ chromosomes is ________ in size and contains nearly all the ____________ of the primary oocyte

Its _________ is arrested in ___________ __ and is __________

During ovulation, the __________ _________ completes __________ ___ if it is penetrated by ________

The product of meiosis II of the secondary oocyte is a ________ ______ _______ and an ________

The _______ contains nearly all the ____________ of the primary oocyte and enough nutrients for a 6 to 7 day journey to the _________

The vesicular follicle ruptures during ___________ to form a _____________ vesicular follicle

The _________ _________ develops from the ruptured follicle that has collapsed and has had its antrum filled with clotted blood, it supplies high levels of ____________ and _________

It degenerates after about 10 days if pregnancy does not occur and becomes the _________ __________ which continues producing hormones of the oocyte is _________ until the _________ takes over hormone production in 3 months

The __________ ________ are the initial part of the female duct system, receives the ovulated oocyte and is the site where fertilization generally occurs, it begins laterally near an ________ and ends medially where it empties into the superior part of the ___________

The three regions of the uterine tubes include the

1. the _____________ which is a funnel shaped opening of the uterine tube into the peritoneal cavity surrounded by ciliated fingerlike projections called __________ that drape over the ovary

2. The ___________ which forms half the length of the uterine tubes and is the site where ____________ usually occurs

3. The __________ which forms the narrow medial third of the uterine tube and empties into the superolateral region of the uterus

uterine tubes

During ovulation the uterine tube moves to capture the _________, it bends to drape over the ovary while the __________ stiffen and sweep the ovary surface, its cilia creates currents in the peritoneal fluid that carry the oocyte into the uterine tube towards the uterus through muscular __________ and beating cilia, nonciliated cells of the mucosa have __________ that produce a secretion that keep the oocyte and sperm moist and nourished

The ________ receives, trains, and nourishes the fertilized ovum and contains _________ _____ that secrete a mucus that fills the cervical canal and covers the external os to block the spread of bacteria from the vagina

the three regions are the

1. the ______ which is the major portion which contains three layers

2. the __________ which is the rounded region superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes

3. the _________which is the narrow neck that projects into the outlet, it connects to the vagina via the __________ __ and connects to the uterine body via the __________ __

The three layers of the uterine wall:

1. The incomplete serous layer is the _______________

2. The bulky middle layer composing of interlacing bundles of _________ muscles that contract rhythmically during childbirth to expel the baby from the mother's body is the _____________

3. The ______________ which contains the _______________ and ________ layers

The _____________ ______ of the endometrium undergoes cyclic changes in response to blood levels of ovarian hormones and is shed during _______________ every 28 days

The_____ _______ of the endometrium forms a new __________ ______ after menstruation ends from stem cells

Blood supply of the uterus

_________ _______ ascend along the sides of the uterus and sends several branches into the uterine wall that become arcuate arteries

_________ _________ are found within the myometrium and send ________ ________ into the ________________

radial arteries branch off and become ____________ ________ in the basal layer and ___________ _________ in the functional layer

Blood supply of the uterus

______ ________ repeatedly degenerate and regenerate in response to changing ________ levels, spasms cause the __________ ______ to be shed during menstruation

The __________ is the female organ of copulation, it contains no _________ and is lubricated by ________ mucous glands

it provides a ____________ for delivery of an infant and for _________ flow

The three layers of the vagina are the

outer fibroelastic ____________

smooth muscle ______________

stratified squamous epithelium inner ________ containing _______

Interlobular connective tissue forms ____________ ____________ that attach breast to underlying muscle fascia and the overlying dermis

The lobes of the breasts contain _________ which contains glandular ___________ which only form from the smallest ducts halfway through pregnancy

The _________ is the ring of pigmented skin that surrounds the central protruding nipple, contains large ___________ glands that produce sebum

The ___________ _______ within the female breasts is a modified _________ gland

The _________ produces milk when a woman is lactating, milk travels to the ____________ _______ and collects at the ___________ _____ during nursing

The _____________ ____ is the monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg in two consecutive phases, the ___________ ______ and the ________ _______

The __________ _____ lasts from the first to the fourteenth day of the ovarian cycle where ovulation typically occurs

it is the period when a cohort of ____________ __________ secrete an increasing amount of estrogen, where one becomes more sensitive to ____ than the others and becomes the ____________ follicle which completes _________ _ to form the secondary oocyte and first polar body. ___________ ___ send signals to the oocyte telling it not to complete meiosis leading to the ovary wall rupturing and expelling the secondary oocyte surrounded by its ______ _______ into the ____________ _______

The ______ _______ lasts 14-28 days and is the period after ovulation leading to the expansion of __________ ____ forming the new endocrine structure, the ________ _______ and its scar the ________ ______

during the last two or three days of this phase the _____________ erodes

When an oocyte fertilized in the peritoneal cavity of distal portion of the uterine tube begins development there

Infection that spreads into the peritoneal cavity from the other parts of the reproductive tract

Affects about 450,000 women worldwide each year 

Kills about half

Most common between women ages 30 and 50

Risk factors include

Frequent cervical inflammations

Sexually transmitted infections 

Multiple pregnancies

Detected through a pap smear or cervical smear test

Epithelial cells are scraped away and examined for abnormalities 

Recommended for women between ages 21 and 65

Vaccination can prevent against HPV-induced cervical cancer and is recommended for all 11 to 12 girls