chapter 25 extra

the __________ ________ _____ is the volume of filtrate formed a minute by 2 million glomeruli is it directly proportional to the ___ ___________ ___________ or the forces acting at the glomerular bed

abnormal urine output

Anuria is caused by _______________ blood pressure being to low to cause ________

Tubular reabsorption begins in the _________ ___________ _____________ as ________ is reabsorbed by ________ transport into the _____________ ______________ by _____ _______

as sodium moves into the peritubular capillaries, it establishes an _____________ gradient favoring the ____________ of anions like ________ and ___________ to restore electric neutrality to the filtrate and plasma

chemoreceptors such as the __________ __________ in the loop of henle respond to _________ content in the _________

the kidneys filter the entire __________ volume ___ times per day, they process 47 gallons of fluid a day and <1.5 L leaves the body as _____

the kidneys consume ____ - ____ % oxygen used by the body at rest

glomerular filtration is a ________ _________ by which ___________ ________ forces fluid and solute through the membrane

molecules <3 nm pass freely through the filtration membrane such as ______, ________, _____ _____, and __________ ______

molecules >5nm cannot pass through the filtration membrane like _________ ________ or _______ ______

after sodium and chloride is _____________, an ________ gradient is established as __________ of _______ reabsorbs water into the peritubular capillaries

as H2O is reabsorbed from the tubules, the filtrate solute concentration ____________ and solutes like ________ _____ and ______ move down their _____________ gradient into the peritubular capillaries

why lipid soluble drugs are hard to excrete

lipid soluble drugs can passively diffuse through the ____________ _______ of renal tubule ______ _________ due to the _____________ _________ of drugs relative to the bloodstream, this has the drug constantly be ____________ making it difficult to excrete without the assistance of the ________ to convert them into being ________ ________

tubular reabsorption

1. the __________ _________ _____ creates the ___________ _______ for _________ into the ________ ______

2. sodium acts as a _____________ for other solutes like _______, amino acids, lactate, and vitamins bringing them into the interstitial space

3. _______ ________ bring the solutes into the _________ __________ through _________ __________

maximum amount of substance that can be reabsorbed

reflects the number of _______ _________

reasons why substances are not reabsorbed

1. lack _________ ___________

2. not _________ __________

3. too large for ___________ _______

examples of substances not reabsorbed are the ____________ end products of _________ ___________ such as _____ _____ and ______________

the main site of tubular secretion is the _________ ________ __________

important of tubular secretion

disposal of certain ________ and _____________

important of tubular secretion

elimination of undesirable substances that are ____________ ____________ like _______ and ________ _________

important of tubular secretion

controlling blood ____, when blood becomes too _________ more _____________ is secreted into the ________ and ____________ is retained

the number of solute particles dissolved in 1kg of water

solution's ability to cause osmosis through a semipermeable membrane

determined by the number of ________ particles unable to _________ through a __________ and measured in _____________ (mOsm)

_______ recycling contributes to the medullary osmotic gradient

chemicals that enhance urine output

glucose is an example of an __________ _________ as in hyperglycemic individuals with diabetes mellitus, it is not __________ and carries water out with it

volume of plasma cleared of a particular substance in a given time, usually 1 minute

renal clearance is used to test for __________ _________ ____ to see the detection of __________ damage and tracking of ______ _______

histology of the ureters

1. mucosa - __________ _________

2. muscularis - _______ ________

3. adventitia - ________ ________

kidney stones, crystallized calcium, sodium, and or uric acid

histology of the bladder

1. ______________ __________

2. muscular layer __________

3. ___________ - fibrous connective tissue

near the bladder the urethra is ____________ _________, the middle of the urethra is __________ ______________ and near the meatus it is ____________ __________

the involuntary portion of the urethra that keeps urine inside

the voluntary portion of the urethra that allows for voiding

micturition

the bladder stores the urine, but during bladder distension ________ _________ signal the _______ _______ to inhibit the _________ and contract the ________ _______ _________

micturition

if over 200 mL of urine the _________ ________ signal _________________ to stimulate the detrusor and open the _______ ________ and relax the ________ ________

uncontrolled voiding

glomerular filtration rate is proportional to the three following factors

1. __ ________ _________

2. _________ _______ ____

3. _____________ ___________ ___________

In the glomerulus, ___________ occurs over the entire length of the _____________, unlike in other capillary beds where filtration occurs at the arteriole end and reabsorption occurs at the venous end

this is because the glomerular capillaries are drained by a _____ __________ _______ ___________ whose diameter is smaller than the ___________ that feeds them