Chapter 23 pre lecture

______________ refers to the major means of ________ with some ____________

Breaking down foods _______________

During segmentation, _______________ segments of the alimentary canal ________ and ______ to move food __________ and _____________

___________ is the major means of ____________

Moving foods _________

During peristalsis, ___________ segments of the alimentary canal organs alternatively _________ and ________ to ________ food along the tract with some _________

The ___________________ is the serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity

The ___________ ______________ covers the _________ ____________ of most _________ organs and is continuous with the parietal peritoneum

The ___________ _____________ lines the ______________ cavity wall

The _______________ _________ is the slit-like potential space between _________ and _____________ ___________

The ______________ __________contains slippery fluid secreted by the ________membrane to reduce _______ of mobile __________ _________

The ____________ is the double layer of ___________, two ______ membranes back to back

Mesentery

Extends to the ___________ organs from the ____ wall

Provides routes to digestive viscera for  

______ _______

__________

________

Holds ______ in place

Stores ___

These structures receive blood from what artery?

Spleen

Liver

Stomach

Inferior Esophagus

These structures receive blood from what artery?

Small intestines

Appendix

Cecum

Ascending colon

Part of the transverse colon

Adrenal Glands

Kidneys

Ovaries

Uterine tubes

Testes

These structures receive blood from what artery?

Distal Large Intestine

Posterior abdominal wall

Sacrum 

Coccyx

Lower abdominal wall

Pelvic organs

Lower limbs

Nerve supply of the alimentary canal

________ ________

Composed of two plexuses found in the walls of the alimentary canal

_________ ________ ______

_________ ________ ______

which enteric plexus located between circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the muscularis externa?

which enteric plexus is located in the submucosa?

Enteric nervous system

Communicate and regulate _________ ________ activity

Provide the major ______ _______ to the GI tract

Control GI tract ________

Motion

_____ and ____ reflex arcs

_______ __________are mediated entirely by enteric nervous system plexuses in response to ________ in the GI tract

Automatic control over _____________ and ____________

Involves _____________ ____and reflex arcs between _______ ________ in the same or different organs

_______ __________ involves ____ ____________ ______ and extrinsic ____________ _________

Enteric nervous system _________ __________ ___________ afferents to CNS

Dual innervation from sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Allows for extrinsic controls to influence digestive activity

Parasympathetic

___________

Sympathetic

___________

_______________ refers to organs that lie posterior to the peritoneum and adhere to the dorsal abdominal wall

___________ _______ ____________ refers to veins connecting two capillary beds

Carries __________ rich blood that sometimes has ______ and microorganisms from the __________ ________ to the _____ to be __________ before it reaches the rest of the body

Role of liver in digestion

____ produced by liver ___________ ____ and enhances

Fat digestion

Absorption of fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and fat-soluble vitamins

The _________ contains a mucous membrane, lamina propria, and muscularis Mucosae

in the mucosa, the mucous membrane is composed of ________ _________ ___________ that secretes _______ that contains digestive _________ , and __________

in the mucosa, the ________ _________ nourishes the ____________ and _______ digested _________

in the mucosa, the __________ ___________ contains ________ ________ cells produce __________ that help absorb the end products of _________ into the _____

The layer deep to the mucosa, the ___________ is composed of __________ ___________ _________

It contains a rich supply of ________ ________, ___________ __________, and _______ ________ that supply the surrounding tissues of the GI tract

________ ________ enable stomach to regain its shape after storing a large meal

The layer deep to the submucosa is the __________ _________, it contains ________ _______ cells and two layers, an ______ ________ _________ and an ______ ___________ ________

This layer responsible for ______________ and ___________

The __________ ___________ of the muscularis externa can thicken to form __________ that act as _____ to control food passage between organs and prevent __________

The layer deep to the muscularis externa is the ________ it is composed of _______ ________ _________ covered with ______________ which is a single layer of _______ ________ _________ cells

In the __________ of thoracic cavity the serosa is replaced by the __________, which is ________ _________ ________

The ________________ of the serosa facilitates _________ and secretes __________ fluid

___________ ________ _______ cushions other tissues, contains macrophages for bacteria, plays a role in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid

Parasympathetic nervous system’s role in GI function

Oral cavity

_______ __________ 

Parasympathetic nervous system’s role in GI function

Digestive tract organs

Increases _______ through _________ 

Increases amount of _________ by digestive organs

Relaxes __________ to allow ___________

Parasympathetic nervous system’s role in GI function

Liver

Increases ________ uptake from _______

Parasympathetic nervous system’s role in GI function

Gallbladder

______ gallbladder to expel _____

Regulation of gastric secretion

________ _______ and _______ _______ reflexes

Parasympathetic release of _______________

Increases _________ activity of all ______

Saliva

_________ the mouth

__________ food chemicals so they can be treated

_________ food and helps compact it into a ______

Contains the enzyme ________ that begins the digestion of _______ foods

Digestive processes of the mouth

1. ________

Food enters the mouth

2, Begins __________

mechanical breakdown by chewing

Voluntary and involuntary

3. Initiates ___________ by swallowing

4. Starts the digestion of ________________

The ________________ _________ is a physiological sphincter formed from slight thickening of ________ _______ _______

It is surrounded by ____________

Helps keep it ________ when food is not being swallowed

Properly functioning sphincter has ________ ______ on both sides to help protect the ___________ from the reflux of _________ ______

Three functions of the Stomach

1. ___________ through ___________

2. ___________ ____________

Mechanical actions of peristalsis break down stomach contents

3. ___________

Beginning of ________ digestion and main enzymatic breakdown

When the ___________ is empty it collapses inwards and throws its _______ and __________ into large, longitudinal folds called ______

In the stomach, ________ ____ secretes ____________ _____

Makes stomach extremely acidic, pH of 1.5~3.5

digestion of food

optimal activity of __________-digesting _______ enzyme

Kills _______

In the stomach, _________ _____ secretes __________ _______

Glycoprotein required for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine 

Absence of intrinsic factor leads to B12 deficiency and _________ __________

_________ in RBCs

Parietal cells are prong-shaped with dense ________ to increase _______ _______ _____

In the stomach, cuboidal ______ ______ produces ___________, the inactive form of pepsin that is activated in the presence of HCL

Presence of ________ catalyzes the conversion of ____________ into pepsin

___________ ___________ is limited only by amount of pepsinogen

In the stomach, cuboidal ______ _______ secrete ________ that account for 15% of GI lipolysis

Mucosal Barrier

How the stomach protects itself from the high acidity 

1. Thick coating of ______________-____ _______

builds up on the _________ ______

Mucosal Barrier

How the stomach protects itself from the high acidity

2. The ____________ ______ of the ________ are joined by _________ ___________

Prevents ________ __________ from leaking into ____________ tissues

Mucosal Barrier

How the stomach protects itself from the high acidity

3. Damaged __________ __________ _______ are quickly __________ by undifferentiated ______ ________

Stomach surface epithelium of mucous cells is renewed every ____ to ____ days

______________

Mostly retroperitoneal 

Curves around the head the pancreas

10 inches long

__________

Intraperitoneal

8 ft long

Extends from duodenum to ileum 

___________

Intraperitoneal

12 ft long

Converges with large intestine at ileocecal valve

what are the two substances required for proper digestion in the small intestine?

How the small intestine increases its surface area

1. _________ _______ are deep, permanent folds of the _______ and __________ that forces ________ to _______ spiral throughout the ________ for increased nutrient ____________ time

How the small intestine increases its surface area

2. ____________ that are long and densely packed cytoplasmic extensions of the absorptive cells of the ________

They gives the mucosal surface a fuzzy appearance called the _______ _________

Plasma membranes of ___________ bear enzymes called ________ ________ _______ that completes the digestion of ___________ and __________ in the small intestine

How the small intestine increases its surface area

3. _____ that are the fingerlike projections of the _________

The core of each ______ contains a __________ ___ and a _________

_________ are found in villi and are wide lymphatic capillaries that __________ absorbed ___ into the ___________

__________ ________ are clusters of lymphoid follicles that protect against pathogens

Brunner’s Glands / Duodenal Glands

Secretes an _________ mucus in the ___________ of the ____________

Helps ___________ acidic _______ moving in and from the stomach

Digestive roles of the liver

Produces 900 ml of ______ daily for export to the ____________

Metabolic Roles of the liver

1. Processes nutrient-laden _________ __________ delivered to it by digestive organs

Stores glucose as __________

Use amino acids to make ___________ ____________

Metabolic Roles of the liver

2. Stores fat-soluble vitamins

Detoxification

Rids ________ of _________ by converting it into ______

The __________________ stores bile that is not immediately needed for digestion and concentrates it by absorbing some of its water and ions

Pancreas ____________ functions

Pancreatic islets, scattered glands that produce insulin and glucagon  

Pancreas ______________ functions

Clusters of ________ ______ produces enzyme-rich pancreatic juice

Contains ______ that transports pancreatic juice

Epithelial cells of smallest ducts secrete water that make up the bulk of pancreatic juice and bicarbonate that makes the secretion __________ at a pH of 8

Main function of the large intestine

__________ the remaining _______ from indigestible food residues 

________ the residues ____________

________ ________

Consists of over a thousand different types of bacteria and accounts for a couple of pounds of our body weight

Helps us by __________ ______ from indigestible food and _____________ some ________

___________________

Gut bacteria ferment some indigestible carbohydrates and the mucin in gut mucus

Creates short-chain fatty acids for fuel by body cells

_______________ _________

B complex vitamins and some of the vitamin K the liver needs to produce clotting proteins are synthesized by gut bacteria

what must open in order for bile and pancreatic juices to enter the small intestine?