chapter 23 digestive system

Runs along the inferior edge of the falciform ligament

Fibrous remnant of the fetal umbilical vein 

Separates the right and left lobes of the liver anteriorly 

Suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall 

Enters liver at porta hepatis and common hepatic duct which runs inferiorly from the liver

Travel through the lesser omentum 

Blood collects into liver sinusoids and then the empties into the central vein

Blood enters hepatic veins

Blood empties into the inferior vena cava

Route of bile

Secreted by ______________

__________________

Bile leaves the liver lobes through the ________________________________________

Ducts fuse to form ___________ __________ __________ which travels downward toward the duodenum

Duct fuses with _________ __________

Drains the gallbladder to form the _____ ________

Sesame seed-sized structural and functional units of the liver

Hexagonal structure

Plates of hepatocytes 

Liver cells

______________ radiate outward from a _______ ____ running in the longitudinal axis of the liver lobule

Each six corners of a liver lobule contains a _______ ______

The ________ ____________ between hepatocyte plates are fenestrated

blood from ________ ________ _________ and ______ _______ ________ percolates from the triad regions through the sinusoids and empties in the ________ _______

_______ _______________ on the sinusoid wall remove _______ and worn out ________ cells

A ______ _______ is a portal tract region that contains three basic structures

1. A branch of the ________ ________

Supplies oxygen-rich arterial blood to the liver

2. A branch of the _______ ______ _____

Carries venous blood laden with nutrients from the digestive viscera 

3. A _____ _____

_____________ are the cells of the liver

Organelles

Large amounts of both rough and smooth ER

Ribosomes on rough ER

Golgi apparatus

Peroxisomes

Mitochondria 

Golgi apparatus

Lysosome 

Nucleus

______________ secrete 900 ml of _____ daily and process ___________ nutrients in various ways

______________ store glucose as glycogen, use _________ ______ to make plasma proteins, store ___________ _________, and utilize __________ to rid the blood of _________ by converting it to ______

Progressive chronic inflammation of liver

it is caused by, ___________, ______ ____________, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Damaged ___________ regenerate, but liver’s ____ ________ regenerates faster

Liver activity becomes depressed due to scar tissue

Scar tissue obstructs blood flow through the hepatic portal system causing _________ ______________

___ _____________ are routes of tiny canals for secreted bile they run between adjacent _______________ toward ___ ____ __________ in _______ _______

____

Yellow-green alkaline solution containing bile-salts, bile pigments, triglycerides, phospholipids, and electrolytes

____ produced by hepatocytes ____________ fats and enhances ____ digestion, __________ of fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and fat-soluble vitamins

__________ is the main bile pigment it is the yellow waste product of worn-out ____________, it produces _____________ which pigments feces brown

____ ____ are cholesterol derivatives that keeps ___________ dissolved within the bile

Recycling mechanism to conserve bile salt recirculated 4-12 times a day 

Enterohepatic circulation 

_____ _____ are secreted into __________

_____ ______ travel through ______ ________ allowing ______ __________ and __________ to occur

____ of _____ _______ are reabsorbed by ____ 

____________ bile salts travel to _____ from ______ ______ _____ where they are ________

Only 5% are newly synthesized each time 

Stimulation of bile secretion

__________________ is an enterogastrone hormone released by ____________ ____ in the _______ _______ ___________, its release is stimulated by _________ and ____ in _______

It causes ____________ contraction and _____ secretion

Stimulation of bile secretion

______ is an enterogastrone hormone released by ____________ ____ in the _______ _______ ___________, its release is stimulated by _______ chyme, it is a _______ stimulus for ______ secretion in the _______

Stimulation of bile secretion

______ _____ returning from ___________ __________ is the most powerful stimulus for ______ secretion in the _______

Stimulation of bile secretion

The _____ ________ from the parasympathetic nervous system causes the release of_____________ which stimulates weak ___________ contraction during ______ and ________ phases for ____ secretion

Exocrine part of pancreas

______ are clusters of _______ _____ that produce the enzyme-rich ___________ ________

Exocrine part of pancreas

System of ______ that transport the __________ of ______ _____, the epithelial cells of smaller ducts secrete _______ that makes up the bulk of ___________ ____ and the ____________ that makes the secretion __________ with a pH of 8 

Pancreas digestive role

_________ part of pancreas produces __________ ______, the high pH helps ________ _____ _______ entering the __________ and provides the optimal environment for intestinal and __________ ___________

Inactive pancreatic juice enzymes that are activated in the duodenum 

__________

for proteins

_________

for starch

_________

 for fats

__________ 

for nucleic acids

Regulation of Pancreatic juice secretion

Hormones _{(not S)}

______________ induces secretion by ______ _____ of _________ ______ _________ ______

Regulation of Pancreatic juice secretion

Hormones _{(not CCK)}

_________ causes secretion by ________ of ____________ ______ __________ __________

Regulation of Pancreatic juice secretion

Neural stimuli 

Weak parasympathetic stimulation during _______ ______

Stimulation of ____ and ______ _______

Sight and thought of ________

Cerebral cortex

______________ and medulla oblongata 

__________ efferents

Regulation of Pancreatic juice secretion

Neural stimuli 

Weak stimulation during _______ _______

______ receptors in ________

_______ _______ via medulla and vagus nerve