chapter 19

the _________ ________ is the innermost tunic it contains an ____________ and a _____________ epithelium that lines the lumen of all vessels

the ______ _______ is the name for middle tunic it is the bulkiest layer in __________ and comprised of mostly circularly arranged ________ muscle cells and sheets of elastin, it is essential for regulating _________ _________ influencing blood ____ and blood ______

the ___________ __________ is the name for the outermost tunic it is composed of loosely woven _________ _________ which protect and reinforces the vessel  andA anchors it to nearby structures , it contains _______ fibers and ________ vessels

the ______ ___________ is the system of tiny blood vessels in larger blood vessels on the tunica externa, it nourishes the ___________ tissue of the blood vessel wall

____________ are the smallest blood vessels

capillaries have a thin ________ ________ surrounded by a __________ ___________

___________ have direct access to nearly every tissue in the body for __________ of gases, nutrients, hormones, etc

there are contractile stem cells found on the outer surface of some capillaries called __________

pericytes can generate ______ ________ , ______ tissue, ________ the capillary wall, and help ______________

Gaps of unjoined membrane called _________ ________ allow passage of fluids and small solutes of capillaries

All three types of capillaries have _________ _________ that hold their ___________

cells together

_____________ _____________ are most common in skin, muscles, lungs, and the CNS, they often have ___________ and ___________ _________ that ferry fluid across the endothelial cells

Most have _______________ unless in the brain to preserve the blood-brain barrier

______________ _____________ appear in sites of active filtration like the kidney and in areas of __________ like small intestine, as well as areas of ___________ ____________ secretion they have tunnel-like holes called _____________ that increase permeability

___________ ___________ are most common in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla they have large ____________ ____________ and ________________ with few tight junctions as well as ______________ basement membranes which allow for large molecules and cells to pass through walls, ______ flows _______ through these channels

Name 2 tissues that do not have capillary beds

1.

2.

When exercising blood is rerouted from __________ ________ to _________ _______ of _________ __________

After eating when digesting food, __________ of ________________ ________ receive breakdown products of digestion, their ________ pathways _____ between meals

__________ __________ are arteries that are close to the heart like the ________, they

________ and ______ with ejection of blood from the heart

______________ ___________ are distributing arteries they ___________ __________ to organs, they have the thickest ___________ _________ and are also active __________________

_____________ to organs

______________ are the smallest type of arteries, when __________ ___________ constricts, the tissues served are largely bypassed. When they dilate, _________ __________ into the local __________ increases dramatically

________________ refers to the flow of blood from the arteriole to a venule over a capillary bed

65% of blood supply in _____ as they are considered ________ _________

anastomoses of the arteries is __________ _______________

anastomoses of arteries and veins is _______________ _______________ and occurs over _____________ ______

where do they occur?

anastomoses of veins is ___________ ___________ and are ______ common

Blood moves from high pressure areas to low-pressure areas

__________ __________ is the pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels that, the force that keeps blood _____________

_________ are the smallest vein type and are very ______ allowing fluids and white blood cells pass through easy

____ usually have all 3 tunics and a thinner _______ _______ compared to arteries

veins possess a _______ ________ and _________ _________ to satisfy venous return despite the decrease in blood pressure compared to arteries

_________ __________ are specialized flat veins with thin walls like the coronary sinus

the ___________ ___________ is the movement of the ___________ during inspiration that increases pressure on the abdomen resulting in an increased ________ __________

the _____________ ___________ are skeletal muscle contractions that squeeze blood from the veins toward the heart increasing __________ _______

___________ control results in contraction of the ________ ________ in the ________ ________ increasing venous return

what are 4 short term neural mechanisms for maintaining blood pressure homeostasis?

1.

2.

3.

4.

short term neural mechanisms for maintaining blood pressure

the ____________ center in the medulla utilizes ___________ control of blood vessel diameter to regulate _________ __________ meaning __________ are moderately contracted at a baseline

short term neural mechanisms for maintaining blood pressure

_________________ -initiated reflex initiated by neural receptors in large ________ of the ______ and ______

short term neural mechanisms for maintaining blood pressure

____________-initiated reflexes initiated by a lack of ________ or increase in ___ or _________ ________ triggers the ___________ center

short term neural mechanisms for maintaining blood pressure

________ ________ _________ induce blood pressure regulation integrated in the _________ and controlled through the _____________

what are 4 short-term hormonal mechanisms for controlling blood pressure?

1.

2.

3.

4.

4 short-term hormonal mechanisms for controlling blood pressure

_____________ and _________________ are the adrenal medullary hormones that control blood pressure

4 short-term hormonal mechanisms for controlling blood pressure

____________ ___________ _____________ is a hormone produced by the atria and lowers blood pressure

4 short-term hormonal mechanisms for controlling blood pressure

the hypothalamus stimulates kidneys to conserve water and lower blood pressure through __________ ___________

4 short-term hormonal mechanisms for controlling blood pressure

the _________ ___________ ____________ mechanism

__________ ___________ is blood flow through tissues

____ ____________ occurs at the arteriole end of the capillary bed

____ _____________ occurs at the venule end of the capillary bed

What are the 3 sources of peripheral resistance?

1. blood _________

2. blood vessel ___________

3. blood vessel ______

Thickness of blood is based on the number of ______________, if viscosity increases then ___________ __________ increases which then increases ________ ________ _________

if blood viscosity decreases then __________ __________ decreases which then decreases ___________ ________ _________