chap 28

_____________ is the state of carrying a developing conceptus

the ______________ is the pregnant woman's developing offspring either an embryo or fetus

the ______________ _________ is the time which the development of the conceptus occurs, it extends from the last menstrual period until birth

the ___________ is the conceptus from fertilization through week 8

the __________ is the conceptus from week 9 through birth

During the ___________ _________ the ovulated oocyte is encapsulated by the _______ ________ and the deeper _____ __________, the sperm must use acrosomal enzymes and receptors to approach, bind, and enter the oocyte

Acrosomal reaction

the acrosomal membrane is strong to contain the hydrolytic enzymes, in order for the sperm to release these enzymes they must be ______________ by female secretions that deplete the ___________

Acrosomal reaction 1

During the approach, sperm cells weave past __________ _____ on the _________ ________ through use of acrosomal ___________

Acrosomal reaction 2

The sperm binds to receptors in the _______ ___________ increasing _________ levels within the sperm, this releases acrosomal ___________ from many sperms that digest holes through the _______ _____________ clearing a path to the oocyte plasma membrane

Acrosomal reaction 3

The ________ membrane binds to the _________ sperm-binding receptors allowing ______ to occur and the sperm contents enter the oocyte

Acrosomal reaction 4

Oocyte sperm-binding membrane receptors are shed causing a cortical reaction

Increased calcium levels triggers exocytosis of the cortical granules hardening the zona pellucida and destroying its sperm-binding receptors

Oocyte sperm-binding membrane receptors are shed causing a __________ __________, the increased ________ levels triggers exocytosis of the cortical granules hardening the _____ ____________ and destroying its sperm-binding receptors, this blocks ___________

__________ is when several sperm enter the egg making the embryo nonviable as this physiologic reaction does not allow this in humans

__________ is one sperm per oocyte and the desired condition in humans

___________ occurs when a sperm's chromosomes combine with those of an egg to form a zygote

Fertilization 1

As sperm cytoplasmic contents enter the oocyte the sperm loses its _____ and __________, the centrosome from its midpiece assembles ___________ allowing the sperm to propel its DNA-rich _________ toward the ________ nucleus

Fertilization 2

The sperm nucleus swells to about 5x its previous size to form the _____ __________ and the secondary oocyte completes ________ __ from the calcium surges that triggered the cortical reaction, this forms the ______ and the

_________ ______ ______

Fertilization 3

The ovum nucleus swells becoming the _________ ____________ and with the male pronucleus, the two nuclei replicate their DNA as a _______ _________ forms between them

Fertilization 3

___________ of the pronuclei intermix and ____________ is accomplished forming the ________ ________

Embryonic development from _________ to ___________ implantation Begins with fertilization, continues as the _________ travels through the __________ _____, floats free in the cavity of the ________, and finally implants in the _________ _____

Embryonic development

___________ is the period of rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth

Embryonic development 1

the 4-cell stage is ___ days of the zygote undergoing cleavage

Embryonic development 2

72 hours or 3 days post fertilization the solid ball of cells known as the ___________ is formed

Embryonic development 3

On day 3-4, when the morula hollows ou, cell connections tighten through ________ and fluid fills in the internal cavity, the _____ __________ starts to break down revealing the ______ ___________

Embryonic development 4

The fluid-filled hollow sphere known as the ____________ is formed with a single outer layer known as ____________ ___ and a smaller inner cell mass known as the _____________

Implantation 1

The ____________ of the uterine wall is receptive to implantation of the blastocyst's _____________ due to _________ and _______________

Implantation 2

The trophoblast binds to the endometrium and forms two layers, the inner layer, the ______________ and the outer layer multinuclear mass known as the _________________ which invades the endometrium and rapidly digests uterine cells it contracts

Implantation 3

The syncytiotrophoblast also secretes _________ ________ _______________ (hCG) which acts similar to LH to prompt the ______ __________ to continue secreting progesterone and estrogen as well as helping prevent the mother's immune system from rejecting the implanted embryo, this hormone is also later secreted by the _________ and is detectable in mother's _______ by 1 week post fertilization

Implantation 3

Successful implantation takes ___ days and is completed by the ____ day post ovulation

Between the 2nd and 3rd month the _______ takes over progesterone and estrogen production for the rest of the pregnancy as the _________ _______ degenerates and the ________ stay inactive until after birth

The embryo receives nutrition during the 1st month by digesting ___________ ______, by the 2nd month the ________ takes over to provide nutrients and oxygen to the embryo and carry away embryonic metabolic wastes

___________ is the formation of the placenta

the placenta is a __________ organ originating from __________ and __________ tissue

Placentation 1

Cells from the original embryoblast contain a layer of extraembryonic __________ that lines the inner surface of the ____________ which both become the ___________

Placentation 2

The chorion develop __________ ______ and their mesodermal cores are invaded by newly forming blood vessels which extend to the embryo as the ________ ________ and ______

the continuing erosion of the endometrium produces blood-filled lacunae or __________ ______ in the ___________ ______ of the endometrium

Placentation 3

Part of the endometrium that lies beneath the embryo becomes the ________ _________ and the part surrounding the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo forms the _________ ____________

the decidua basalis and the ________ _______ form the _________

Placentation 4

__________ and ______ blood supply do not mix, if estrogen and progesterone production by the ________ do not increase by the time ____ decreases then the endometrium degenerates and the pregnancy ______

Embryonic development

During implantation, the ________ is actively converting to a ___________ forming 3 primary ________ layers and the ___________ ____________ develop

Extraembryonic membranes

The _________ is the fetal membrane that forms the fluid-filled sac around the embryo it allows for __________ from trauma, maintaining of a constant _____________, allows for fetal ____________

Extraembryonic membranes

The _____ ___ forms the _________ ______ of the gut and produces the earliest __________ ______ and ________

Extraembryonic membranes

The _________ is outpocketing at the caudal end of the yolk sac, it is the structural base for the ___________ ______ which links the _______ to the _________

this structure eventually becomes part of the urinary bladder

Extraembryonic membranes

the __________ is the outermost fetal membrane that helps form the placenta

_____________ is germ layer formation it occurs after week 3 when the __ layered embryonic disc changes to a __ layered embryo

Primary germ layers

The _________ becomes part of the nervous system and skin epidermis

The __________ forms everything else the other two layers do not

The ____________ forms the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, genitourinary systems and associated glands

_____________ is the formation of body organs and organ systems

Development of fetal circulation

First blood cells arise in the _______ ____, before week 3 of development tiny spaces appear in the ____________ ___________ which are quickly lined by ___________ cells covered with _____________ and linked together into rapidly spreading _________ networks which form the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatics

Unique prenatal cardiovascular modifications

The umbilical cord is composed of __ ________ and ___ _____, the vein carries oxygenated blood from the _________ to the __________

Most blood bypasses the liver sinusoids via the _________ ___________ which carries _____________ blood into the ____________ blood of the _______ _______ of the fetus heart

post natally becomes the __________ _______

The ___________ ______ is the hole in the interatrial septum that receives shunted blood from the ______ atrium into the _____ atrium to bypass blood flow to the _____

post natally becomes the _______ _______

The __________ ____________ is the second shunt for blood that connects the aorta and pulmonary trunk to bypass the ________ before entering fetal circulation

post natally becomes the __________ __________

post natally the umbilical arteries become __________ _________ __________

post natally the umbilical vein becomes the _________ _________ of the liver

_____________ are substances that cause severe congenital abnormalities or death

Anatomical changes

_________ occurs as the pigment facial skin darkens with pregnancy

Anatomical changes

_________ is a hormone produced by the placenta that relaxes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis

Metabolic changes

(hCS) human chorionic somatomammotropin or (hPL) human placental lactogen form from the ________ and works with estrogen and progesterone to stimulate the _________, it promotes fetal growth and provides a ________ sparing effect in the mother

Metabolic changes

__________ ________ occur in 10% of pregnancies, >50% develop diabetes mellitus II later in life

hCT or human chorionic thyrotropin is a hormone similar to _____ increasing maternal ___________

an increase in _____ ensures an adequate calcium for fetus

Physiologic changes

nausea known as ___________ ________ due to increase in estrogen and progesterone

increase in __________ due to fetal metabolic waste disposal

________ __________ congestion and respiratory rate and tidal volume _________

blood volume and ________ __________ increases

Initiation of labor 1

fetal adrenal hormones ___________ stimulating the __________ to increase ___________

this causes the uterus to form __________ receptors and the uterus becomes more irritable, irregular contractions begin known as ___________ ______ contractions

fetal cells produce oxytocin which causes placenta to make ___________ that soften the cervix before and during labor as well as triggering contractions of ____- ______

Initiation of labor 2

hypothalamus releases __________ from posterior pituitary combined with the ___________ from the placenta cause contractions

more contractions stimulate more oxytocin which is an example of _________ __________

Stages of labor 1

stage 1 is __________ from the onset of labor until the cervix is fully dilated where the ________ ruptures and engagement where the infant's head enters the true pelvis

Stages of labor 2

stage 2 is ___________ from full cervical dilation to delivery where the head appears at the vulva known as crowning and the umbilical cord is cut

Stages of labor 3

stage 3 is the __________ ______ where contractions continue until the __________ is delivered to prevent hemorrhage

_________ is abnormal or difficult labor

the __________ ________ is 4 weeks postpartum where the baby must begin to breath, obtain nutrients, excrete and maintain body temperature on its own

APGAR scores assess the baby at __ and __ minutes of life for heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflexes

First breath

After the __________ _____ is cut, ____ accumulates triggering ___________ resulting in the first ______________

the ___________ ________ is the period for unstable period 6-8 hrs after birth

______________ is the production of milk by mammary glands from the hypothalamus secreting _________ __________ _________, this causes the ________ pituitary to release _________

Lactation

___________ is the initial product of breasts which contains more proteins, vit A, and minerals than true milk, also contains ____ antibodies

Lactation 2

After birth, milk production is dependent on continued stimulation of nipples by infant stimulating _____ for milk production and _________ for milk ejection

Lactation 3

Breast milk acts as a natural laxative to help cleanse the bowels of ___________, a green black paste of epithelial cells, bile and other substances, the clearance of which prevents physiological __________