chap 26 pre lecture pt 1 (fluids and electrolytes)

________ are 73% body water content due to low body fat and bone mass

A healthy young _____ is 60% body water content

A healthy young ________ is 50% body water content due to more body fat and less skeletal muscle than males

An _______ _________ is 45% body water content because water content declines throughout life

________ ________ is the least hydrated out of all body tissues at __% water

_________ _________ is __% water

The ______________ ______ _____________ is ___ L of the 40 L of body water and ___% of body weight, it consists of trillions of tiny compartments within the ____

The _______________ ______ _____________ is composed of ___ subcompartments and ___ L of the 40 L of body weight and ___% of body weight

Extracellular fluid compartment (ECF)

_________ is the fluid portion of ______

it is 3L and __% of ECF

Extracellular fluid compartment (ECF)

___________ _______ is the fluid in the ___________ ________ between ______ ______

it is 12L and __% of ECF

A _________ is the substance that is __________ in a solution, it is composed of either __________ or _____________

The _________ is the substance present in the largest amounts of a solution, it is typically ________

____________ are chemical compounds that ___________ into ___ in _______

-Inorganic salts

-Inorganic acids and bases

-Some proteins

Are all considered ______________

____________ have greater _________ _________ and ability to cause _______ ______ than nonelectrolytes because they dissociate into at least ___ ions

_____________ are chemical compounds that have ______ that prevent them from dissociating in ___________

Most organic molecules

-glucose

-lipids

-creatinine

-urea

are all considered ______________

~140 mEq/L 

Extracellular fluid

~10 mEq/L

Intracellular fluid

~5 mEq/L

Extracellular fluid

140 mEq/L

Intracellular fluid

~110 mEq/L

Blood plasma

~115 mEq/L

Interstitial fluid

~5 mEq/L

Intracellular fluid

Measure of the tendency of a solvent to move into a more concentrated solution

Pressure of fluid in a system

_______ ________ must equal _______ ________ for the body to remain properly hydrated

Most water enters the body through _________ _______ and ______ _______

Body water produced by cellular metabolism

water that vaporizes out of the lungs in expired air and water that diffuses directly through the skin

water lost as urine, obvious sweat, or feces

Normal human ECF concentration is ____ - _____ mOsm

Why humans need water

Prevents dehydration or fluid loss which leads to

Weight loss, fever, and mental confusion 

Water loss from plasma leads to inadequate blood volume to maintain normal circulation leading to hypovolemic shock

Water prevents ___________ or fluid loss which leads to weight loss, fever, and mental confusion

Why humans need water

Water loss from _______ leads to inadequate _______ _________ to maintain normal ____________ leading to ____________ _______

Why humans need water

1. ____ release is inhibited due to the stimulus of declining ___ _________

2. Renal insufficiency or ingestion of an extraordinary amount of water leads to cellular overhydration called _________ _________

3. The ____ becomes diluted and the _______ ________ is normal, but excess _______ being present causes the relative _______ ________ to be low

4. This leads to __________ which promotes net osmosis into ________ ____ causing them to swell as they become abnormally hydrated

Why humans need water

____________ ________ leads to __________ which causes metabolic disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, muscular cramping, and cerebral edema which is damaging to neurons

Why humans need water

_________ is the accumulation of fluid in only the interstitial spaces of tissues, but not cells

It is caused by any event that steps up the flow of ______ out of the ________ or ________ its return

Why humans need water

Edema impairs tissue function by ____________ the __________ across which ________ and __________ must _________ between the _______ and the _______

Mechanisms and consequences of ADH secretion

Antidiuretic hormone release from the ___________ __________ is triggered by _____________ of the ____________ that detect the increase in ECF solute (_________) concentration

Its release is also triggered by large changes in _________ _______ or ________ _______ directly via ______________ in the atria and various blood receptors or indirectly via the ______ ____________ __________ mechanism

Mechanisms and consequences of ADH secretion

Antidiuretic hormone increases _______ _________ in the ________ _______ of the kidneys resulting in decreased _____ ________ and increased ________ _______ as well as a _________ in urine volume

_____________ targets the kidney tubules and increases _________ __________ and ___________ _____________ which restores ____________ _________ and levels of sodium and potassium

Atrial natriuretic peptide _________ blood pressure and _______ __________ by _________ nearly all events that promote _____________, _________, and ________ retention

released by certain cells of the heart atria when they are stretched by the effects of elevated blood pressure

Role of ANP

_________ __________ __________ promotes excretion of ________ and _________ by the kidneys by inhibiting the ability of collecting ducts to reabsorb sodium and by suppressing the release of _____, _______, and __________

Role of ANP

__________ __________ __________ acts directly by inhibiting generation of ____________ ___ to cause ____________ and reduce _______ content and _______ _________

Estrogen and progesterone effects on water content

__________ is chemically similar to ___________ and enhances sodium reabsorption of the renal tubules

_____________ has a mild _________ effect due to blocking _____________ receptors

Main intracellular cation required for normal neuromuscular functioning as well as for several essential metabolic activities

1. Excess of potassium

2. Insufficient potassium

The heart is sensitive to ___________ levels as it can disrupt electrical conductions leading to sudden death

Role of the collecting duct in potassium regulation

Proximal tubules and thick ascending limb of the nephron loop _________ a combined total of 90% of the __________, more than the body needs

Role of the collecting duct in potassium regulation

Potassium balance is achieved by the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts changing the amount of potassium _________ into the ______ performed by renal ________ ______

Role of the collecting duct in potassium regulation

When _____ _______________ concentrations are abnormally low __________ _________ conserve potassium by reducing its __________

Role of the collecting duct in potassium regulation

on the collecting ducts 

Reabsorb some of the potassium in the filtrate in conjunction with the active secretion of hydrogen to establish the potassium and pH balance

________ __ ___________ _____ on the collecting ducts _________ some of the _________ in the filtrate in conjunction with the active _________ of ___________ to establish the potassium and pH balance

Role of bones in calcium and phosphate balance

99% of body’s calcium is found in bones in the form of ________ __________ ____, the bony skeleton provides a dynamic reservoir from which ________ and __________ can be withdrawn or deposited to maintain the balance of these __________ in the ____

Regulation of ECF calcium ion levels

ECF calcium ion levels are regulated by the _____________ __________ which promotes an increase in ________ levels by activating bone-digesting ____________ to release calcium and ___________ into the blood