chap 25 nephron

what is the osmolality of the filtrate in the bowman's capsule?

what is the osmolality of the filtrate as it enters the PCT?

____________ present in the PCT cells that moves ________ from the _______ back into the ____________ ___________

once sodium is reabsorbed, the anion __________ follows along the __________________ gradient

once salt is reabsorbed, ________ molecules follow along the __________ gradient

once water is reabsorbed, other solutes like _______ _______ _________, various ions, and _______ in the tubules follow water along the _______________ gradient

what is the osmolality of the filtrate as it enters the descending limb of the loop of henle?

what is the descending loop of henle permeable to?

what happens to the osmolality of the filtrate as it travels down the descending limb of the loop of henle?

why?

what is the osmolality of the filtrate as it reaches the end of the descending limb of the loop of henle and begins up the ascending limb?

what is the ascending limb of the loop of henle permeable to?

what happens to the osmolality of the filtrate as it travels up toward the DCT?

why?

what is the osmolality once the filtrate reaches the DCT?

what happens to the osmolality of the filtrate as it travels through the collecting duct if the person has had a lot of water to drink?

what happens to the osmolality of the filtrate as it travels through the collecting duct if the person is dehydrated

______ ______ are capillary branches that supply nephron loops in the ________ region of the kidney, they are highly _______ to ________ and ________

The _______ _________ preserves the medullary gradient by acting as ___________ _________

Since they are highly permeable to water and solutes they are nearly __________ to the surrounding __________ ______. This allows them to reabsorb ______ and _______ into the general ___________ without undoing the _________ ________ created by the ______________ _________.

what creates the gradient in the renal medulla?

sodium and chloride are actively pumped out into the __________ __________ in the __________ _____ __ ________

the deepest region of the renal medulla is ___________ as it has the highest solute concentration

Descending Loop Concentrates Filtrate:

As ________ moves out of the ________ in the ___________ ______ due to ________, the _______ becomes more ______________.

2. Ascending Loop Concentrates Interstitium

The ___________ ____ actively pumps ________ back into the _________ ______ _____, further increasing the ____________ in the ______ regions.

Vasa Recta Maintains Gradient

The _______________ flow in the _______ ______ helps to prevent it from washing away the ________ concentrated by the ___________ _____. It loses _____ but picks up some ______, maintaining the overall ________.