Ch21 blood

Reveals:

Erythrocytes:44% of blood

Buffy coat: middle layer, leukocytes & platelets; 1% of blood

Plasma: Straw-colored liquid, 55% of blood

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Transportation-oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, wastes

Regulation- temperature, pH, fluid levels in cardiovascular system

Protection-Leukocytes guard infection, trigger immune response to antigens (foreign)Blood carries antibodies

mix of water 92%, proteins 7%, and other solutes

plasma without clotting proteins

Protein

•Albumins

•alpha, beta, gamma, globulins

•Fibrinogen

•Regulatory proteins

Other solutes

include electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, and hormones

Plasma protein:

smallest and most abundant

-regulate water movement between blood and interstitial fluid

-transport of ions, hormones, lipids

Plasma protein:

for transport of substances

Plasma protein:

antibodies used in immune defense

Plasma protein:

clot formation

converted to fibrin during clotting

Plasma protein:

enzymes and proenzymes

•Erythrocytes -transport respiratory gases (majority of formed elements) 120 days

•Leukocytes -immune response against pathogens

•Platelets-help with blood clotting, 8-10 days life

Formed elements viewed with a blood smear

percentage of the volume of all formed elements in the blood

•Clinically- % volume of erythrocytes only

- age(children more variable) & sex (males slightly higher)

red blood cells or RBCs but they lack nucleus

7.5 micrometers (μm) in diameter; biconcave disc shape

-majority of formed elements

transport oxygen & Co2

120 days life

contains about 280 million molecules of hemoglobin

Density average 4.8 million

1.5 larger than erythrocyte

(white blood cells) possess a nucleus and organelles

Initiate immune response defend the body against pathogens

12 hour(neutrophil)-years (lymphocyte)

Density 4500-11,000 mm3

smaller than erthrocyte

•No nucleus

blood clotting

8-10 days life

150,000 to 400,000 mm3 density

Erythrocyte that pass through small blood vessels, they line up in single file

transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

•Oxygenated- maximally loaded with oxygen

•Deoxygenated- some oxygen is lost & carbon dioxide gained

•Two alpha (α) chains

•Two beta (β) chains

Each heme group with iron (Fe²⁺)

4 oxygen molecules

120 days

-Old erythrocytes phagocytized in liver and spleen

-Heme group -> biliverdin -> bilirubin. -> bile

-Iron transferrin to liver and stored by ferritin

proteins -> free amino acids

Erythrocytes, surface antigens

•A and B surface antigens determine the ABO blood type

•Ex: Type O blood erythrocytes have neither surface antigen A or B

• surface antigens present are accompanied by antibodies, foreign to that individual

• Type O blood both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in its plasma

agglutination (clumping) of the donated erythrocytes

•hemolysis (rupture) of the clumped erythrocytes

Rh factor (surface antigen D) on erythrocytes

•present: Rh positive (Rh⁺)

•not present: Rh negative (Rh⁻)

An individual with all three erythrocyte antigens has AB⁺ blood

when an Rh negative individual is exposed to Rh⁺ blood

reduced number of cells

• Leukocytes squeezing through vessel wall to exit bloodstream and get to tissue (pathogens)

Leukocytes moving toward chemicals that are found at sites of infection

•Granulocytes: include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

•Agranulocytes: include lymphocytes and monocytes

GRANULOCYTES of leukocyte

Nucleus is multilobed (as many as five lobes)

Cytoplasm neutral (when stained)

-Phagocytize pathogens, bacteria

-50 to 70% of total leukocytes

GRANULOCYTES of leukocyte

Nucleus is bilobed

-Cytoplasm reddish (when stained)

-destroy parasitic worms

-1 to 4% of total leukocytes

GRANULOCYTES of leukocyte

Nucleus is bilobed

-Cytoplasm deep blue (when stained)

-Function: Release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) inflammatory or allergic reactions

0.5 to 1% of total leukocytes

AGRANULOCYTES of leukocyte

Round nucleus (fills the cell in smaller lymphocytes)

Nucleus darkly stained, Thin rim of cytoplasm surrounding

-Function: Attack pathogens and abnormal/infected cells

Coordinate immune cell activity

Produce antibodies

-20 to 40% of total leukocytes (1000 to 4800 cells per microliter)

AGRANULOCYTES of leukocyte

C-shaped nucleus

Nucleus is generally pale staining

Can exit blood vessels and become macrophages

2 to 8% of total leukocytes

megakaryocytes

abnormally small number of platelets

Production of formed elements in red marrow

stem cells, hemocytoblasts

•Myeloid line forms erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and all leukocytes except lymphocytes

•Lymphoid line forms lymphocytes

colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

•increases formation of erythrocytes and other formed elements

•increases formation of granulocytes and monocytes

•stimulates formation of granulocytes

-part of Hematopoiesis

•stimulates production of monocytes

-part of Hematopoiesis

•stimulates production of megakaryocytes &platelets

-part of Hematopoiesis

•stimulates production and maturation of erythrocyte progenitor and erythroblast cells

-part of Hematopoiesis

production erythrocytes

About 3 million per second

Rate controlled by levels of hormone erythropoietin

Myeloid stem cell forms progenitor cell

Proerythroblast forms hemoglobin

Normoblast ejects nucleus;

Reticulocyte 2 days matures into an erythrocyte

production of platelets

Megakaryoblast froms from myeloid stem cell

megakaryocyte

produces thousands of platelets

production of leukocytes

-Granulocyte maturation

•along myeloid line from myeloblasts

-Monocyte maturation

•myeloid stem cell that differentiates into a monoblast

promonocyte which becomes a monocyte

Lymphocyte maturation

•Lymphocytes derive from lymphoid stem cells along lymphoid line

•Stem cells differentiate into B-lymphoblasts and T-lymphoblasts

•Some stem cells differentiate directly into NK cells

elevated number of cells