Ch. 5 & 9 - Patho

decrease in cell size; reduced number and size of organelles

increase in cell size; common in tissue with limited mitosis (cardiac, skeletal)

:increase in cell number

-activation of mitotic division

-activation of genes controlling cell proliferation

replacement of one fully differentiated adult cell type in a tissue into another adult cell type

:abnormal cell growth/development causing cells to vary in size, shape, and organization

-potentially reversible

-strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer

thickening of hollow organ walls due to obstruction/increased resistance (heart)

cell size increases to take over for non-functioning cells (kidney)

occurs in dead or dying tissue; intracellular or extracellular formation of crystalline calcium phosphate ; caused by components of calcium deposits from dead cells that flow into the circulation

occurs in normal tissue as a result of hypercalcemia:

highly reactive chemical species with unpaired valence shell electron

-normal redox reactions that generate free radicals

-free radical generation is a physiological response: antimicrobial reaction, role in vascular tone, insulin and VEGF signaling

molecules that inhibit/prevent ROS reactions

pathophysiological condition that occurs when ROS exceeds the body's ability to neutralize

What are some enzymes that neutralize free radicals?

Non-enzymatic antioxidants:

deprives cell of oxygen and interrupts oxidative metabolism and the generation of ATP

Release of __ stimulate RBC formation, ATP production in absence of oxygen, and increased ____

What are some effects of hypoxia?

a condition in which the blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body.

the action of restoring the flow of blood to an organ or tissue, typically after a heart attack or stroke.

What are some implications of reperfusion ?

What are the 2 reversible cell injuries?

infiltration of liver cells with fat, associated with disturbance of the metabolism by, for example, alcoholism, malnutrition, pregnancy, or drug therapy.

receptor mediated apoptosis

mitochondria mediated apoptosis

-initiated by activation of TNF TRAIL

-form death domain

-activate caspase cascade

-initiated by ROS, DNA damage, hypoxia, low ATP, and aging

-activate p53 causing cytochrome c release

-activation of caspase cascade

death of a body tissue

cells die but catalytic enzymes are not destroyed (abscess)

acidosis develops and denatures enzymatic and structural proteins (hypoxic areas of infarction)

form of coagulation necrosis in which dead cells persist (granulomas)

-affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks

-skin wrinkles

-color changes to dark brown or black

-spread is slow

-affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless

-skin is moist, black, and under tension

-foul odor is caused by bacterial action

-spread is rapid