Hosam Mohamed-
psychological; motility; enteric
Irritable bowel syndrome is caused by ______ factors influencing the ________ of the large intestine via the _________ nervous system.
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constipation; diarrhea
Altered segmentation contractions can lead to ______ & ________.
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Hirschsprung disease
-a disorder that arises at birth; occurs when nerve cells are absent in the muscles of the colon, affecting motility in the colon and making it difficult to pass stools.
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diverticulosis
-a disorder in which pockets develop in the colonic mucosa due to the weakness of the muscle layers in the colon wall.
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diverticulitis
- a disorder that can develop when pockets in the colon wall become infected or inflamed.
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f; older adults
Diverticular disease is very common, especially in young children. T/F?
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over time due to the chronic attrition of the aging process
How does Diverticulosis occur?
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crohn's disease; ulcerative colitis
Inflammatory bowel disease is an umbrella term to describe which two diseases?
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Inflammatory bowel disease
-cause inflammation and scarring within the digestive tract; most likely caused by an abnormal response of the immune system.
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ulcerative colitis
-a nonspecific inflammatory condition confined to the large intestine
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crohn's disease
- a recurrent, granulomatous type of inflammatory response can occur anywhere in the GI tract, from mouth to anus.
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ischemic colitis
-occurs when there is decreased blood flow to the colon.
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atherosclerosis, low bp, blood clots, bowel obstruction
Causes of ischemic colitis?
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intraluminal obstruction
Appendicitis is caused by _________.
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constipation
_________ is a very common cause of fecal incontinence in children.
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weakness of anal sphincter muscles, loss of sensation for rectal fullness, constipation, stiff rectum
Fecal incontinence can be caused by: (4)
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external hernia; postoperative adhesions
Mechanical obstruction can result from post operative causes such as _______ and ________.
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outlet obstruction
-refers to a patient's perceived inability to empty the rectum normally
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trouble relaxing the sphincter muscle when straining to have a bowel movement
Outlet obstruction is caused by
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pruritus ani
-an irritating, itchy sensation around the anus that is 4x more common in men.
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diabetes, hyperbilirubinemia, leukemia, thyroid disease
What are some systemic causes of pruritus ani? (4)
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chemoreceptor trigger zone, nucleus tractus, vestibular apparatus, cerebral cortex
The vomiting center in the brain receives impulses from? (4)
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a
This vomiting trigger is the first relay station for general visceral and taste afferents.
a) nucleus tractus solitarius
b) vestibular apparatus
c) cerebral cortex
d) chemoreceptor trigger zone
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a
This vomiting trigger has a critical role in controlling cardiovascular function, respiration, and GI motility.
a) nucleus tractus solitarius
b) vestibular apparatus
c) cerebral cortex
d) chemoreceptor trigger zone
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b
This vomiting center provides perceptions of gravity and movement; generates impulses when an external stimulus affects this.
a) nucleus tractus solitarius
b) vestibular apparatus
c) cerebral cortex
d) chemoreceptor trigger zone
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c
This vomiting center can induce vomiting due to pain, bad smell/odor, sight, and psychogenic stimuli.
a) nucleus tractus solitarius
b) vestibular apparatus
c) cerebral cortex
d) chemoreceptor trigger zone
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d
____ is located within the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata, on the floor of the 4th ventricle.
a) nucleus tractus solitarius
b) vestibular apparatus
c) cerebral cortex
d) chemoreceptor trigger zone
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a
_______ is located within the dorsomedial medulla.
a) nucleus tractus solitarius
b) vestibular apparatus
c) cerebral cortex
d) chemoreceptor trigger zone
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direct
Irritation of the stomach mucosa by toxic substances is an example of _______ causes of vomiting
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indirect
Reflex responses to intense pain, metabolic acidosis, and brain lesions are examples of _____ causes of vomiting.
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steatorrhea; diarrhea
_________ (fat in the stools) and _______ are common signs of malabsorption syndrome.
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osmotic activity, increased fluid secretion into intestinal lumen, accelerated intestinal peristalsis
What are the 3 patho-mechanisms that lead to diarrhea?
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osmotic diarrhea, secretory, motility
What are examples of Large-Volume diarrhea?
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magnesium, sulfate, phosphate
Large oral doses of poorly absorbed ions such as ______, _____, and ______ can increase intraluminal osmotic pressure.
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excessive secretion of chloride, bicarbonate rich fluid, inhibition of net sodium absorption
Secretory diarrhea is caused by? (3)
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surgical bypass, diabetic neuropathy, laxative abuse
Motility diarrhea is caused by? (3)
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motility diarrhea
−excessive motility decreases transit time, mucosal surface contact, and opportunities for fluid absorption, resulting in diarrhea
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ulcerative colitis, crohn disease, microscopic colitis
Small-volume diarrhea is caused by an inflammatory disorder of the intestine like _____, ______, and _______.
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diarrhea; constipation
________ is characterized by an increase in the number of high amplitude propagating contractions while ________ is characterized by a decrease.
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e.coli, camplyobacter, shigella, salmonella
What organisms are usually implicated in causing infectious colitis? (4)
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4th; 6th
Pruritus ani is most common between the _______ & _______ decade of life.
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mechanical and paralytic
What are the two forms of intestinal obstruction?
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paralytic obstruction
-obstruction that stems from neurogenic or muscular impairment of peristalsis.
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erythrasma
-bacterial infection that affects the skin
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chronic diarrhea, chronic constipation, anal sex, soaps/deodorants
What kind of Mechanical disorders do we see in someone with Pruritus Ani? (4)
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psoriasis, linchen planus
What kind of Dermatologic disorders do we see in someone with Pruritus Ani? (2)
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erythrasma, herpes, pinworms, gonorrhea
What kind of infections do we typically see in someone with Pruritus Ani? (4)
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GIT; throat
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius receives impulses from ________ & _______.
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fever with or without cramping; bloody stools
What are the two symptoms that are hallmarks of Virally-induced diarrhea?
