Hosam Mohamed-
lies retroperitoneally on the pelvic floor posterior to the pubic symphysis; located in the lower abdomen
Where is the male bladder anatomically?
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fundus
-the body of the bladder
-
neck
-posterior urethra
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ureters
-enter the bladder bilaterally at a location towards its base and close to the urethra
-
small flaps of mucosa cover the opening and act as valves; allow urine to enter & prevent it from backing up
How does the bladder prevent urine backflow?
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triangular area outlined by the openings for the ureters & urethra; near the junction of the urethra & bladder
What is the trigone? Where is it located?
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trigone
Where do infections tend to persist in the bladder?
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b
This layer covers the upper surface and is continuous with the peritoneum.
a) submucosal layer
b) serosal layer
c) inner mucosal layer
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a
This layer supports the mucous membrane; is composed of loose connective tissue with elastic fibers.
a) submucosal layer
b) serosal layer
c) inner mucosal layer
-
c
This layer is made up of transitional epithelium.
a) submucosal layer
b) serosal layer
c) inner mucosal layer
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rugae
-folds that appear when the bladder is empty
-
rugae & transitional epithelium
What allows the bladder to expand as it fills with urine?
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peristalsis
The urethra carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by _______.
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lined by stratified columnar epithelium that is protected from the corrosive urine by mucus secreting glands
Explain the histology of the urethra.
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smooth muscle tissue, erectile tissue, and mucous membrane tissue
What kind of tissue does the urethra have?
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b
Which layer is a continuation of the smooth muscle of the bladder?
a) erectile urethral tissue
b) muscular layer
c) mucous membrane
d) serosal
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c
Which layer is important for protecting the urethral tissues from the corrosive effects of urine?
a) erectile urethral tissue
b) muscular layer
c) mucous membrane
d) serosal
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internal; external
The _________ sphincter is involuntary while the _________ sphincter is voluntary.
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prostatic, membranous, spongy
What are the three regions of the male urethra?
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c
Which region of the urethra is the MOST dilatable portion of the urethra?
a) spongy
b) membranous
c) prostatic
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alkaline
What fluid is contained in the prostatic ducts?
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prostatic urethra
-begins as a continuation of the bladder neck and passes through the prostate gland.
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b
Which region of the urethra is under voluntary control of micturition?
a) spongy
b) membranous
c) prostatic
-
b
Which region of the urethra is LEAST dilatable portion of the urethra?
a) spongy
b) membranous
c) prostatic
-
membranous urethra
-passes through the pelvic floor and the deep perineal pouch.
-
penile urethra
-passes through the bulb and corpus spongiosum of the penis, ending at the external urethral orifice.
-
a
Which region of the urethra receives the bulbourethral glands proximally?
a) spongy
b) membranous
c) prostatic
-
c
Which region of the urethra is supplied by the inferior vesical artery?
a) spongy
b) membranous
c) prostatic
-
b
Which region of the urethra is supplied by the bulbourethral artery?
a) spongy
b) membranous
c) prostatic
-
a
Which region of the urethra is supplied by the branches of the internal pudendal artery?
a) spongy
b) membranous
c) prostatic
-
prostatic plexus
-the male nerve supply is derived from here; contains a mixture of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral afferent fibers.
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fibroelastic connective tissue layer, middle smooth muscle layer, spongy submucosa, inner epithelial lining
What are the regions of the female urethra from outermost to innermost?
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rich vascular plexus; urethral occlusive pressure
The spongy submucosa contains _________ that is responsible for providing adequate ____________.
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inner mucosal lining
________ keeps the urothelium moist and the urethra supple.
-
vascular spongy coat
The ___________ produces the mucus important in the mucosal seal mechanism
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middle muscular coat
The _________ helps to maintain the resting urethral closure mechanism.
-
outer seromuscular
The __________ layer augments the closure pressure provided by the muscular layer.
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internal pudendal arteries
The female urethra is supplied via _______.
-
wall tension is dependent on internal pressure from wall thickness and radius of the body
Explain Laplace's Law.
-
neuromuscular factors & quantity of connective tissue
The compliance or elasticity of the bladder depends on:
-
change in volume/ change in bladder pressure
Bladder compliance =?
-
intravesical detrusor - abdominal pressure
Detrussor pressure= ?
-
Post-void residual volume
-the amount of residual urine in the bladder after a voluntary void.
-
contraction of the striated sphincter, contraction of smooth muscle sphincter, inhibition of detrusor activity
The filling of the bladder is enabled by:
-
a
Contraction of striated sphincter falls under what type of innervation?
a) somatic
b) sympathetic
-
b
Contraction of smooth muscle sphincter falls under what type of innervation?
a) somatic
b) sympathetic
-
b
Inhibition of detrusor activity falls under what type of innervation?
a) somatic
b) sympathetic
-
stretch receptors, autonomic nervous system, sphincter muscles
Voiding (micturition) involves:
-
sacral (S1-S4); thoracolumbar (T11-L2)
Where are our spinal cord reflex centers for neurologic control of bladder function?
-
stretch, volume; spinal cord, cns
Afferent signals from ______ and _________ transmit information about bladder filling to centers of the _______ and ________.
-
c
The detrusor muscle is innervated by _______.
a) pudendal nerve
b) hypogastric
c) pelvic nerve
d) pelvic splanchnic
-
ganglion cells in wall; blood vessels
Parasympathetic fibers synapse with _________; Sympathetic fibers synapse with ___________.
-
hypogastric plexus & upper lumbar
Where are pain fibers in the bladder?
-
pelvic splanchnic; pudendal
Pain fibers from the urethra course in the _______ and ________nerves
-
pudendal nerves
Which nerve is responsible for innervating external genitalia, sphincters, bladder, and rectum?
