Hosam Mohamed-
heavy proteinuria, edema, & hypoalbuminemia
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by a triad of :
-
structural changes in the glomeruli in response to glomerular injury
What is the cause of nephrotic syndrome?
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d
What blood protein is excessively leaked in Nephrotic syndrome?
a) fibrinogen
b) thrombin
c) hemoglobin
d) albumin
-
lowers oncotic pressure; leads to edema
What is a consequence of losing excessive albumin?
-
infections
Loss of immunoglobins from the glomerulus put patients with Nephrotic syndrome at great risk for ________.
-
Hyperlipidemia; cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides
The loss of oncotic pressure can also lead to ______. This will cause an increase in levels of _______, _______, and _____.
-
structural alteration that leads to thickening of basement membrane & glomerular sclerosis
How does Nephrotic Syndrome affect the structure of the nephron?
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c
What is the most common cause of Nephrotic syndrome in children?
a) Membranous glomerulopathy
b) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
c) Minimal change disease
-
a
What is the best treatment option for Minimal Change disease?
a) Glucocorticoids
b) Analgesics
c) MAB
d) Diuretics
-
non-proliferative; proliferative
Nephrotic syndrome is a consequence of ________ changes while Nephritic syndrome is a consequence of _______ changes.
-
mesangial & endothelial cell proliferation; inflammatory cell infiltration
Explain the histology of Nephritic syndrome.
-
d
Diffuse proliferation is commonly seen in those with _______.
a) cancer
b) diabetes
c) hypertension
d) autoimmune diseases
-
RPGN
Diffuse proliferation advances into ___________ with crescents at an accelerated rate.
-
hematuria; kidney injury
Diffuse proliferation may show less severe ______ & ______.
-
anti-GBM disease; Anti-neutrophil vasculitis
What are some causes of Rapidly Progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
-
rapid decline; decline over weeks
Acute nephritic syndrome will cause a __________ in GFR; while Rapidly Progressive will cause a __________.
-
thrombosis and rupture of glomeruluar capillaries
How do crescents form in RPGN?
-
b,d
Nephritic syndrome in young men leads to
a) hypertension
b) frequent episodes of hematuria
c) incontinence
d) upper respiratory tract infection
-
pct, loop of henle, dct
What regions of the nephron are affected in Tubulointerstitial Disorder?
-
hypovolemic states & renal losses
Tubulointerstitial disorders are often caused by:
-
afferent arteriole vasoconstriction; back-leak of filtrate, tubular obstruction
Acute Tubular Necrosis is caused by ? (3)
-
Acute Tubular Necrosis
-this condition is characterized by decreased glomerular filtration rate and minimal cellular necrosis
-
Distal tubular acidosis
-affects the the secretion of metabolic acids.
-can be inherited
-
Proximal tubular disorder
-affects bicarbonate reabsorption.
-can be inherited
-
b
Proximal tubular disorders are most frequently seen in
a) adults
b) children
c) older adults
d) neonates
-
ifosfamide (chemo drug), acetazolamide, old tetracycline
Drug-induced Proximal tubular disorder is caused by what drugs?
-
e.coli
Pyelonephritis is most commonly caused by
-
Pyelonephritis
- a UTI that beings in the bladder and moves upstream to one or both of the kidneys.
-
spermicidal contraceptive
The use of what drug can increase the risk of Pyelonephritis?
-
b
In its early stages, CKD is always ________.
a) symptomatic
b) asymptomatic
-
kidney damage; GFR less than 60mL/1.73 m2 for at least 3 months
CKD is defined as :
-
cause, GFR, aluminuria category
CKD is classified based on 3 categories:
-
irreversible sclerosis
Once nephron fails and functional renal mass decrease to a certain point, nephrons being a process of _______.
-
b
________ is one of the pathologic manifestations of CKD.
a) hypoparathyroidism
b) hyperparathyroidism
c) hyperkalemia
d) incontinence
