Hosam Mohamed-
prostaglandins, endothelin, nitric oxide, bradykinin
Which substances are considered paracrine substances of the kidney and act as vasoconstrictors/vasodilators in response to kidney injury?
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Erythropoietin
-regulates the differentiation of red blood cells in bone marrow
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vitamin d
-increases calcium absorption from the GI tract
-helps regulate calcium deposition in bone
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a
ANP is released from ______.
a) atria
b) ventricles
c) arteriole
d) vasa recta
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b
BNP is released from _______.
a) atria
b) ventricles
c) arteriole
d) vasa recta
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d
Both ANP & BNP promote ______ and ________.
a) vasoconstriction & natriuresis
b) vasodilation & glucouresis
c) vasoconstriction & glucouresis
d) vasodilation & natriuresis
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afferent arteriole vasodilation
BNP produces selective ____________.
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sodium reabsorption; proximal
BNP inhibits __________ in the ___________ tubule.
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renin; aldosterone
BNP has adrenergic inhibiting activity; therefore it inhibits _______ and _______ release.
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c
How much urine is produced by the kidneys daily?
a) 0.5 L
b) 3 L
c) 1.5 L
d) 1 L
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d
Which test is considered the most reliable biochemical test of glomerular function?
a) microalbuminuria test
b) cystoscopy
c) urinalysis
d) serum creatinine
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azotemia
______ is an elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels.
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inverse
Serum creatinine & GFR possess a _______ relationship
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renal disease, impaired renal perfusion, lof nephrons, urinary tract obstruction, drugs
What can cause serum creatinine levels to increase?
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low muscle mass, starvation, steroid therapy
What can cause serum creatinine levels to decrease?
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MDRD
- a formula used to better estimate renal function; takes patient's age & race to better estimate.
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a
Which test is used to screen for tiny amounts of protein that leak into urine; best used for patients with Type I & Type II diabetes?
a) microalbuminuria test
b) cystoscopy
c) urinalysis
d) serum creatinine
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c
What is considered the ideal filtration marker to determine GFR?
a) creatinine
b) albumin
c) inulin
d) glucose
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exogenous
Inulin is considered an ________ substance.
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USG
- a test used to determine the amount of concentration in urine; comparing urine density to that of water.
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hydration status & kidney function
Urine specific gravity tells us 2 valuable pieces of information; what are they?
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tamm-horsfall
-renal casts are formed in the renal tubules and are an aggregation of this type of protein.
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e
Where is tamm-horsfall secreted?
a) thin ascending loop of henle
b) pct
c) dct
d) collecting duct
e) thick ascending loop of henle
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c
Which type of casts are normal and can be seen in normal urinary sediment
a) renal tubular epithelial casts
b) waxy casts
c)hyaline cast
d) white blood cell casts
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osmolality is high, ph is low, excess exercise
Casts can develop when ?
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b
Which type of cast is acellular, formed by the breakdown of cellular casts, and commonly associated with chronic renal disease?
a) renal tubular epithelial casts
b) waxy casts
c)hyaline cast
d) white blood cell casts
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a
Which type of cast is found in diseases such as hepatitis & cytomegalovirus infection?
a) renal tubular epithelial casts
b) waxy casts
c)hyaline cast
d) white blood cell casts
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d
Which type of cast are associated with interstitial renal inflammation and are found in pyelonephritis?
a) renal tubular epithelial casts
b) waxy casts
c)hyaline cast
d) white blood cell casts
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b
Casts found in distal nephron lumen have _______ shape.
a) narrow
b) spiral
c) broad
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c
Casts found in dilated collecting ducts have ______ shape.
a) narrow
b) spiral
c) broad
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a
Casts found in dilated narrow lumens have ______ shape.
a) narrow
b) spiral
c) broad
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a
Which new method of investigation involves direct visualization of the urethra, bladder, and ureteral orifices?
a) cystoscopy
b)radiologic studies
c) urography
d) CT scans
e) Ultrasonograph
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e
Which new method of investigation uses the reflection of ultrasonic waves to visualize the deep structures of the body? (hint* noninvasive)
a) cystoscopy
b)radiologic studies
c) urography
d) CT scans
e) Ultrasonograph
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b
Which procedure places the urinary organs flat on a plate and observes radiopaque stones that may be in the kidney pelvis or ureters?
a) cystoscopy
b)radiologic studies
c) urography
d) CT scans
e) Ultrasonograph
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c
Which procedure is used to detect space-occupying lesions of the kidneys, pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis, kidney stones?
a) cystoscopy
b)radiologic studies
c) urography
d) CT scans
e) Ultrasonograph
