Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen.

Respiration that requires oxygen.

Respiration process that does not require oxygen.

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.

The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.

Gain of an electron. Reducing the charge of an electron.

The electron donor in a redox reaction.

The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.

Electron carrier involved in glycolysis.

An energy-carrying coenzyme produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. NADH carries energy to the electron transport chain, where it is stored in ATP. It is the reduced version of NAD+.

A molecule that stores energy for harvest by the electron transport chain.

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP.

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration.

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

A smaller amount of ATP is formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

Chemical entry point into the Kreb cycle. Co-enzyme that plays a role in the intermediary metabolism; can enter the Kreb cycle to produce energy and be used for fatty acid synthesis

Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells.

The enzyme that make ATP from ADPand inorganic phosphate.

A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.

The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.

A process used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.

A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce.

Organisms that ONLY carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2.

Organisms that can make enough ATP to survive using using fermentation or respiration.

A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.

A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds. Energy stored.

Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.