2020-06-06T00:08:15+03:00[Europe/Moscow] sq true Nucleus, Nucleolus, Chromosomes, Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum , Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria/Mitochondrion, Cell membrane, Lysosomes, Centrioles, Vacuole, Chloroplast, Cell Wall, Regeneration, Why is a sea star able to regenerate most of its body?, What tissues can humans regenerate?, Binary Fission, Budding, Fragmentation, Spore Formation, Vegetation Reproduction, What is an enucleated cell, What is the difference between a embryonic and somatic nuclear transfer., Asexual reproduction, Multicellular organism, Unicellular organism, Stem Cell, Compound Light Microscope flashcards

Cells: Structure and function

Organelles

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  • Nucleus
    Control centre of the cell Contains the nucleolus and the genetic material Surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
  • Nucleolus
    Found within the nucleus, the nucleolus is responsible for ribosome production.
  • Chromosomes
    Thread-like structures that contain the genetic material for living organisms. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • Ribosomes
    involved in producing protein through a process known as protein synthesis. Protein is important for forming the overall structure of an organism.
  • endoplasmic reticulum
    Series of canals carries materials (for example, ribosomes) throughout the cell.
  • Golgi apparatus
    Stores and packages material produced within the cell (for example, protein) until it is needed for use inside or outside the cell.
  • Mitochondria/Mitochondrion
    are oval-shaped organelles that convert sugar into useable energy through the process of cellular respiration.
  • Cell membrane
    Surrounds the entire cell. Acts as a gatekeeper, controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell.
  • Lysosomes
    Sac-like structures formed in the Golgi apparatus Are used for digesting (breaking down) large molecules.
  • Centrioles
    Unique to animal cells. Small protein-based structures that play a critical role in cell division.
  • Vacuole
    large fluid-filled space containing water and dissolved minerals, the vacuole helps maintain water pressure inside the cell.
  • Chloroplast
    Contains a pigment molecule known as chlorophyll that is used by plants for the life-sustaining processes of photosynthesis. A by-product of this process is oxygen, which animals use to breathe.
  • Cell Wall
    Surrounding the entire cell, Composed of a rigid material called cellulose. Protects and supports plant cells.
  • Regeneration
    is the ability to regrow tissue, an organ, or apart of the body.
  • Why is a sea star able to regenerate most of its body?
    It is only made up of a few simple cells, which makes it able to regenerate most of it's body.
  • What tissues can humans regenerate?
    nails, hair, skin, and a few other tissues.
  • Binary Fission
    Carried out by bacteria, involves a cell splitting into two identical genetic copies.
  • Budding
    Involves forming a small genetic copy of the organism that breaks off and develops into a full-grown genetic duplicate of the parent.
  • Fragmentation
    Is demonstrated by many organisms, including starfish. Part of the parent organism (for example, a limb) breaks off, then grows into a new organism genetically identical to the parent.
  • Spore Formation
    Often demonstrated by fungi, involves the formation of genetically identical cells encapsulated in a protective coating. Fungi usually release spores in the fall. These stay in the ground until favourable conditions for germination return in the spring, when a new mushroom will grow that is genetically identical to one that died the previous fall.
  • Vegetation Reproduction
    nvolves a plant sending out runners (often underground) and having a genetically identical organism grow from the end of the runner.
  • What is an enucleated cell
    A cell that has had its nucleus removed.
  • What is the difference between a embryonic and somatic nuclear transfer.
    During a embryonic transfer a donor nucleus is taken from an embryo cell. Another cell is retrieved from a second donor and is enucleated. The nucleus is then infused with the enucleated cell. The result is an egg cell from one individual that contains the exact duplicate DNA as another individual. While during a somatic nuclear transfer scientist use a somatic cell (body cell) to create an exact duplicate.
  • Asexual reproduction
    Reproduction without a mate. It produces a clone of the parent
  • Multicellular organism
    Organism made up of more than one cell. Humans are made of 100 trillion cells.
  • Unicellular organism
    organism consisting of only one cell (for example, an amoeba)
  • Stem Cell
    a type of undifferentiated (unspecialized) cell that has not yet taken on a specialized role within the organism. It can also develop into any kind of specialized cell.
  • Compound Light Microscope
    a type of microscope that uses visible light and two lenses to magnify images of cell-sized objects