Cardiology

Janeway lesions are non-tender, small erythematous or haemorrhagic macular or nodular lesions on the palms or soles only a few millimeters in diameter that are indicative of infective endocarditis.

A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker) is a medical device which uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contracting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart.

An echocardiogram, often referred to as a cardiac echo or simply an echo, is a sonogram of the heart.

Gestational hypertension or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is the development of new hypertension in a pregnant woman after 20 weeks gestation without the presence of protein in the urine or other signs of preeclampsia.

Orthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension or shortened to orthostasis and colloquially called head rush, occurs when a person's blood pressure falls when suddenly standing up from a lying or sitting position.

The sinoatrial node (often abbreviated SA node; also commonly called the sinus node and less commonly the sinuatrial node) is the normal natural pacemaker of the heart and is responsible for the initiation of the cardiac cycle (heartbeat).

In medicine, a stent is a metal or plastic tube inserted into the lumen of an anatomic vessel or duct to keep the passageway open, and stenting is the placement of a stent.

Selenium deficiency is relatively rare in healthy well-nourished individuals.

Chronotropic effects (from chrono-, meaning time, and tropos, "a turn") are those that change the heart rate.

Athletic heart syndrome, (AHS) also known as athlete's heart, athletic bradycardia, or exercise-induced cardiomegaly is a nonpathological condition commonly seen in sports medicine, in which the human heart is enlarged, and the resting heart rate is lower than normal.

Pierre Robin syndrome (abbreviated to PRS, and also known as Pierre Robin sequence, Pierre Robin malformation, Pierre Robin anomaly or Pierre Robin anomalad) is a congenital condition of facial abnormalities in humans.

Unstable angina (UA) is a type of angina pectoris that is irregular.

Dressler syndrome is a secondary form of pericarditis that occurs in the setting of injury to the heart or the pericardium (the outer lining of the heart).

Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is the sensation of chest pain, pressure, or squeezing, often due to ischemia of the heart muscle from obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries.

Metabolic syndrome, sometimes known by , is a clustering of at least three of the five (unfold into nine combination) following medical conditions: * abdominal (central) obesity (cf. TOFI) * elevated blood pressure * elevated fasting plasma glucose * high serum triglycerides * low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels Metabolic syndrome is associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle.

White coat hypertension, more commonly known as white coat syndrome, is a phenomenon in which patients exhibit a blood pressure level above the normal range, in a clinical setting, though they don't exhibit it in other settings.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a substance that has traveled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism).

Cardiac arrest is a sudden stop in effective blood flow due to the failure of the heart to contract effectively.

Aortic insufficiency (AI), also known as aortic regurgitation (AR), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle.

The aortic valve is a valve in the human heart between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a technique that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery, maintaining the circulation of blood and the oxygen content of the patient's body.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) (a.k.a. floppy mitral valve syndrome, systolic click murmur syndrome or billowing mitral leaflet) is a valvular heart disease characterized by the displacement of an abnormally thickened mitral valve leaflet into the left atrium during systole.

Myocarditis, also known as inflammatory cardiomyopathy, is inflammation of the heart muscle.

In physiology, perfusion is the process of a body delivering blood to a capillary bed in its biological tissue.

The pulmonary valve (sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve) is the semilunar valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps.

The normal electrical conduction in the heart allows the impulse that is generated by the sinoatrial node (SA node) of the heart to be propagated to, and stimulate, the cardiac muscle (myocardium).

In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale (/fəˈreɪmən oʊˈvæli, -mɛn-, -ˈvɑː-, -ˈveɪ-/), also foramen Botalli, ostium secundum of Born or falx septi, allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium.

Carney complex and its subsets LAMB syndrome and NAME syndrome are autosomal dominant conditions comprising myxomas of the heart and skin, hyperpigmentation of the skin (lentiginosis), and endocrine overactivity.

Dextrocardia (from Latin dexter, meaning "right," and Greek kardia, meaning "heart") is a rare congenital defect in which the apex of the heart is located on the right side of the body.

Stokes–Adams syndrome (alternative eponyms include Adams–Stokes syndrome, Gerbezius-Morgagni-Adams–Stokes syndrome and Gerbec-Morgagni-Adams–Stokes syndrome) is a periodic fainting spell in which there is a periodic onset and offset of blockage of heart due to disorder of heart rhythm that may last for seconds, hours, days, or even weeks before the conduction returns.

Cardiology (from Greek καρδίᾱ kardiā, "heart" and -λογία -logia, "study") is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system.

Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle myocardium known as coronary arteries.

Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.

A heart valve normally allows blood to flow in only one direction through the heart.

Hypotension is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation.

Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium (the fibrous sac surrounding the heart).

"Heart rate and pulse are the same" -In medicine, a pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the heartbeat by trained fingertips.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a syndrome (set of signs and symptoms) due to decreased blood flow in the coronary arteries such that part of the heart muscle is unable to function properly or dies.

Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium.

A hypertensive emergency (Systolic over 180 or diastolic over 120)(formerly called "malignant hypertension") is hypertension (high blood pressure) with acute impairment of one or more organ systems (especially the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and/or the renal system) that can result in irreversible organ damage.

Cardiac tamponade, also known as pericardial tamponade, is when fluid in the pericardium (the sac around the heart) builds up and results in compression of the heart.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease in which a portion of the myocardium (heart muscle) is enlarged without any obvious cause, creating functional impairment of the heart.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH or PHTN) is an increase of blood pressure in the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, or pulmonary capillaries, together known as the lung vasculature, leading to shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, leg swelling and other symptoms.

Infective endocarditis is a form of endocarditis.

Pulmonary heart disease, also known as cor pulmonale is the enlargement and failure of the right ventricle of the heart as a response to increased vascular resistance (such as from pulmonic stenosis) or high blood pressure in the lungs

Prinzmetal's or Prinzmetal angina (/ˈprɪntsmɛtəl/, sounds like "prints metal") (also known as variant angina, angina inversa, or coronary vessel spasm) is a syndrome typically consisting of angina (cardiac chest pain) at rest that occurs in cycles.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a medical procedure in which part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, tumor or other dysfunctional tissue is ablated using the heat generated from medium frequency alternating current (in the range of 350–500 kHz).

Cerebral circulation is the movement of blood through the network of blood vessels supplying the brain.

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a disease in which the chronic long-term abuse of alcohol (i.e., ethanol) leads to heart failure.

Myocardial rupture is a laceration or tearing of the wall of the ventricles or atria of the heart, of the interatrial or interventricular septum, or of the papillary muscles.

Short QT syndrome is a genetic disease of the electrical system of the heart.

Cor triatriatum (or triatrial heart) is a congenital heart defect where the left atrium (cor triatriatum sinistrum) or right atrium (cor triatriatum dextrum) is subdivided by a thin membrane, resulting in three atrial chambers (hence the name).

The fossa ovalis is a depression in the right atrium of the heart, at the level of the interatrial septum, the wall between right and left atrium.

The fourth heart sound or S4 is a rare extra heart sound that occurs immediately before the normal two "lub-dub" heart sounds (S1 and S2).

Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it.

The third heart sound or S3 is a rare extra heart sound that occurs soon after the normal two "lub-dub" heart sounds (S1 and S2).

A vagal episode or vasovagal response or vasovagal attack (also called neurocardiogenic syncope) is a malaise mediated by the vagus nerve.

Twiddler's Syndrome is a malfunction of a pacemaker due to manipulation of the device and the subsequent dislodging of the leads from their intended location.

A gallop rhythm refers to a (usually abnormal) rhythm of the heart on auscultation.