Faith_LaBry
BIOL 1720 Test 1 Review (Chapters 33, 35, 36, 37, 40)
Animal Form & Function; The Nervous, Sensory, Endocrine, and Circulatory System. Red=iClicker/Kahoot, Yellow=Key Notes, Green=Definitions, Blue=Numbers/Stats
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Anatomy
The study of the biological form of an organism
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Physiology
The study of the biological functions an organism performs
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How has size and shape evolved?
Through interactions between animals and their environments (abiotic & biotic) & mutations
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What do physical laws constrain regarding animal forms?
Strength, diffusion, movement, heat exchange
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As an animal increases in size, what happens to the skeleton?
The skeleton must be proportionally larger to support mass
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As an animal increases in size, what happens to the muscles?
muscles must be larger to support locomotion
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What does gravity influence the body shape of?
Flying animals
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What does drag influence the body shape of?
Swimming animals
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Water properties cause fast-swimming animals to have what?
-Smooth body surfaces
-Fusiform (Football) body shape
This increases gravity & drag, optimizing survival
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Convergent Evolution
Similar adaptations of diverse organisms facing the same or similar environmental changes
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What molecules can be exchanged by simple diffusion?
Small molecules like O2 & CO2
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Why is diffusion efficient over very short distances?
Diffusion time is proportional to the square of the distance.
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The rate of diffusion _________ as diffusion distance increases
Decreases
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Rate of exchange is proportional to
cell/tissue exchange surface area
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Amount of exchange material is proportional to
cell/body volume
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Multicellular organisms require that each cell has access to a(n) _____ _____ for exchange to occur.
aqueous enviornment
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As a cell gets larger, its _____ increases much faster than its ____.
volume; surface area
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Why is a cell's volume increasing faster than its surface area a problem?
-Increased demand for exchange
-Decreased surface area relative to volume
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Surface area increases as the ____ of the linear dimension
square
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Volume/mass increases as the ____
cube
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How do very small/thin organisms meet the needs of exchanging with the environment?
They rely on diffusion/direct exchange
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How do larger organisms meet the needs of exchanging with the environment?
They require specialized surfaces that are extensively branched or folded
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Would a mouse release more or less heat per unit mass compared to an elephant?
More
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Intracellular
Inside the cells
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Extracellular
Around the cells
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Hierarchical Organization of Body (CTOOO)
Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organisms
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Tissues
Composed of similar cells that perform a function
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What must tissue be covered in so that exchange can occur?
Fluid
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4 types of tissues
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
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Epithelial Tissue
Covers the outside of the body and lines the organs & cavities within the body; closely joined
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Epithelial Tissue Functions
Protection, exchange/interface with environment
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Squamous Epithelial Tissue
Allows for exchange by diffusion
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Examples of Squamous Epithelial Tissue
Lungs, blood vessels
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Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
Forms tubules and ducts
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Examples of Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
Kidneys, various glands for secretion
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Columnar Epithelial Tissue
Allows secretion and absorption
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Example of Columnar Epithelial Tissue
Intestines
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Simple Epithelial Tissue
A single cell layer of epithelial cells
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Stratified Epithelial Tissue
Multiple tiers of epithelial cells
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Pseudostratified Epithelial Tissue
A single layer of cells of varying length
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Transitional Epithelial Tissue
Stratified epithelial tissue but can change shape based on function or state
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Example of transitional epithelial tissue
Urinary Bladder
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Connective Tissue
Contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix
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Connective Tissue Functions
Binds and supports other tissues
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Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Consists of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation
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3 Types of Connective Tissue Fiber (all made of protein)
Collagenous, Reticular, Elastic
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Collagenous Fibers
Provides strength and stability to a tissue
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Reticular Fibers
Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
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Elastic Fibers
Stretch and snap back to their original position; provides flexibility
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Fibroblasts
Principal cells of connective tissue that secretes the protein of extracellular fibers
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Macrophages
Involved in the immune system
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6 major types of connective tissue in vertebrates
Loose, fibrous, bone, adipose, cartilage, blood
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Loose connective tissue
Found around & between most body organs (including blood vessels); most widely abundant connective tissue
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Loose connective tissue functions
Binds epithelia to underlying tissue and holds organs in place
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Fibrous connective tissue
Found in tendons, ligaments, and dermis of the skin
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Tendons
Connects muscle to bone
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Ligaments
Connects bones at joints (bone to bone)
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Bone connective tissue
Mineralized (with calcium salts), forms the skeleton
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Bone connective tissue functions
Provides structure and support and points of attachment for tendons
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What are Adipose connective tissues comprised of?
Adipoctyes
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Adipose connective tissue functions
Stores fat for insulation and fuel
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Cartilage Connective Tissue Functions
Strong and flexible support material; acts as a skeleton to sharks and prenatal humans; reduces friction and provides a cushion between bones; adds flexibility to some structures (like ears)
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Blood connective tissue is composed of:
-Fluid ECM (plasma, no fibers)
-Red blood cells
-White blood cells
-Cell Fragments
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Blood connective tissue functions
-Red blood cells carries O2
-White blood cells= immune defense
-Cell Fragments= aids with clotting
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What protein filaments do muscle tissues contain?
Actin & Myosin
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Muscle Tissue Functions
Movement of limbs & materials in the body (heart, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, digestive track)
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3 Types of Muscle Tissues
Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Made up of long multinucleated cells (nuclei at the periphery), bundled into fibers; attached to the skeleton
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue Functions
Used for voluntary movement
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What causes a striated appearance?
Contractile units (sarcomeres)
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
Made of small single nucleated cells that lack striations; commonly associated with internal/visceral organs throughout the body (digestive track, vessels, etc.)
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Smooth Muscle Tissue Functions
Responsible for involuntary body activities
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Has branched fibers that connect via intercalated disks; forms contractile wall of heart; spontaneously active (under involuntary control); has striations and single nuclei in the center
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Intercalated Disks
Relays signals between neighboring cells and help synchronize contractions
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Nervous Tissue Functions
Receives, processes, and transmits information
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Nervous tissue contains
Neurons & Glial Cells
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Neurons (Nerve Cells)
Transmits nerve impulses
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Glial Cells (Glia)
Helps nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
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How do animals manage their internal environment?
By regulating or conforming to the external environment
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Examples of challenging factors
Temperature, water availability, gas availability/composition, salinity, pH
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Regulator
Moderates internal change in the face of external, environmental factors
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Conformer
Allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes
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Homeostasis
Maintenance of equilibrium around a point or value called a set point, regardless of the external environment
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Examples of homeostasis parameteres
Body temperature, blood pH, glucose concentration
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Control of Homeostasis
Fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a stimulus, detected by a sensor that triggers a response that returns the variable to the set point.
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Set point of a thermostat
Room temperature at 20℃
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Stimulus of a thermostat
Room temperature increases/decreases
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Response of a thermostat
Thermostat turns the heater on/off, causing the temperature to go back to 20℃.
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Negative Feedback
Buildup of the end product shuts the system off and helps to return variable to a normal range
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Negative Feedback examples
Glucose regulation, sweating/shivering to regulate body temperature
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Positive Feedback
Amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals
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Positive Feedback examples
Childbirth
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Circadian Rhythm
Governs physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours
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Acclimatization
Short-term (within single life span) physiological responses to changes in the natural environment
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Acclimation
Short-term (within single life span) physiological responses to changes (experimental changes) in a laboratory setting
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Adaptation
Process by which natural selection adjusts frequency of genes in a population that code for traits affecting fitness over many generations.
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Thermoregulation
Process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range
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Endothermy
Heat form metabolism; tolerates greater variation in internal temperature but more energetically expensive
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What time of animals use endothermy?
Birds and mammals
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Ectothermy
Heat from environment; more active at a greater range of external temperatures
