Ethan-
What is metamerism?
Repeating body segments, each with its own systems for movement, circulation, and excretion.
-
Define "setae."
Bristle-like structures that aid in movement and anchoring to surfaces.
-
What is the function of the clitellum in earthworms?
Secretes mucus during reproduction to help with sperm transfer and cocoon formation.
-
Compare Polychaeta and Clitellata.
Polychaeta are marine with parapodia, while Clitellata are terrestrial or freshwater and have a clitellum.
-
What is ecdysis?
The process of shedding the cuticle to grow, seen in nematodes and arthropods.
-
Why are nematodes considered pseudocoelomates?
Their body cavity is not fully lined by mesoderm.
-
What is the most famous nematode used in scientific research?
Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans).
-
What is the exoskeleton in arthropods made of?
Chitin, which provides support and protection.
-
Define "tagmatization."
Fusion of body segments into specialized regions (e.g., head, thorax, abdomen).
-
What are Malpighian tubules?
Excretory organs in arthropods that help conserve water.
-
How do book lungs differ from tracheae?
Book lungs are layered structures for respiration in spiders, while tracheae are tubes that deliver oxygen directly to cells in insects.
-
What is the water vascular system?
A network of canals in echinoderms that powers movement, feeding, and respiration through tube feet.
-
What is mutable collagen, and why is it important?
A tissue that can change from flexible to stiff, allowing echinoderms to alter their shape. Can hold a position for long amounts of time
-
Define "Aristotle’s lantern."
A jaw apparatus in sea urchins used for scraping algae.
-
List the classes of Echinodermata.
Asteroidea (sea stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins), Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), Class Ophiuroidea (Brittle Stars), and Class Crinoidea (Featherstars and Sea lillies).
-
Name the five defining characteristics of chordates.
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle/thyroid, postanal tail.
-
What is a notochord?
A flexible, supportive rod along the body, found in all chordates.
-
How are tunicates different from other chordates?
Adults lose many chordate characteristics, while larvae have all five key traits.
-
What are neural crest cells?
Cells unique to vertebrates that contribute to the development of structures like the skull and sensory organs.
-
What is the difference between Agnatha and Gnathostomata?
Agnatha are jawless vertebrates (e.g., hagfish, lampreys), while Gnathostomata have jaws (e.g., sharks).
-
Define "placoid scales."
Tooth-like scales in cartilaginous fish that reduce drag and protect against abrasions.
-
What are Ampullae of Lorenzini?
Electroreceptors in cartilaginous fish that detect electric fields produced by prey.
-
Describe the lateral line system?
A sensory system in fish that detects water vibrations, helping with navigation and predator detection.
-
What are the key traits of the class Arachnida?
Two body regions (prosoma and opisthosoma), chelicerae for feeding, no antennae, four pairs of walking legs.
-
Describe the class Polychaeta.
Marine worms with parapodia and setae, diverse feeding modes, found in marine environments.
-
What distinguishes Crustacea within Arthropoda?
Typically have two body regions (cephalothorax and abdomen), two pairs of antennae, and usually five pairs of appendages.
-
Name three classes within Echinodermata and their key characteristics.
Asteroidea: sea stars with five-part symmetry and tube feet.
Echinoidea: sea urchins with spiny skin and Aristotle's lantern.
Holothuroidea: sea cucumbers with soft, elongated bodies.
