AP Psychology - Unit 1b

...

Face blindness (A neurological disorder), in which one cannot even recognize their own face. It is a result of damage to the right occupital and temporal lobes

Ex: Indiana Adams -- confusing her reflection for another person, confusing other people.

-She had a mix of perfect vision and face blindness- sensation and perception are not the same thing (Lack of perception)

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

Ex:

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli, and transmits this info to the brain

Reception: Organizes meetings and is meaningful. P- perception

the process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, enabling us to recognize objects and events as important

information processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

Top: Higher level thinking- down receptors

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing onto our experience and expectations.

tran- transition s-sensation energy, d- deliver to our brain in neural impulses

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of physical energy (sights, sounds, smells) into neural impulses the brain can interpret.

Ex: hearing- processes sound waves, vision= light energy

-receive sensory stimulation, often using specialized receptor cells

-transform that stimulation into neural impulses

-deliver the neural information to our brain

the study of relationships between the physical charechteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity and the psychological experience of them-how they interact with the sensory system

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. This was studied by German scientist and philosopher Gustav Fechner . (Half of the time you detect the sound, half the time you do not)- it is the edge of our awareness.

Ex: Hearing tests, lower tones to find absolute threshold and determine our hearing ability

Strength, depends, the person

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). It assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends not only ont he signal's strength but on a person's experience, expectations, motivation and alertness

below one's absolute threshold (50%) for conscious awareness - but it sill effects us.

Experiment: Vote for likeability when people are flashed on a screen, but briefly before flash a picture of a wolf or a kitten- it effects their choice, baised- we don't physically see the wolf or kitten but our brain does- subliminal.

Persuaded, Mentally

Priming occurs when an individual's exposure to a certain stimulus influences their response to a subsequent prompt, without any awareness of the connection. These stimuli are often related to words or images that people see during their day-to-day lives. Subliminal audios repeating phrases such as "I am thin" to motivate people to loose weight only as good as a placebo at most- only works because the person thinks it works.

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time- experienced as a just noticable difference (jnd)

Ex: 40 decibles plus 5- barely detectable, but still can, or 100 plus 5, not detectable.

Ex: text getting smaller and smaller each sentence- at what point can you visually see a difference?

a principle by German physician Ernst Weber- says that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum %. (rather than a constant amount) - % can vary depending on the stimulus.

Ex: Two lights need a 8% difference, weight a 2%

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (nerve cells fire less frequently)- This frees your attention for more important things.

Ex: Perfume

...

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmittors.

H U E- R G B

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelengths of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, etc

the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by the wave's amplitude (height)

...

Corner- edge of it all, cover, a bend,

The eye's clear, protective outer layer, covering the pupil and iris- bends light to help provide focus

Pupils adjust, light

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

ring , size

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

- responds to cognitive and emotional states, brightness

Pons- shaped like one

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. (like a rock)

the light-sensitive back inner surface of the eye, with multilayered tissue containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

1- sensation and perception, the process by which the eye's lens changes shape, curvature and thickness to focus images of near or far objects on the retina

2; in developmental psychology, adapting our current schemas to incorporate new info.

(myopia) when the lens focuses the image on a point in front of the retina, you can see near objects clearly but not distant objects- remedied with glasses, contact lenses or surgery.

when the lens focuses the image on a point behind the retina- see distant objects clearer than near objects

Photo- translate into photo for brain in camera, from receptors

(your rods and cones) specialized light-detecting cells on the retinas at the back of your eyes, they convert light into a form that the brain can process.

retinal receptors that detect black white and gray, congregating in retina's outer regions and are sensitive to movement; nessecary for peripheral twilight vision, when cones don't respond. Rods share connections to the brain in groups?

retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well=lit places. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations- helps us to perceive colors Cones each have a direct connection to the brain

ASk

ASk

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain- after stopping at the thalamus, it flies to the visual cortex (occuptial lobe in the back of your brain)- bigger than auditory nerve

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there.

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster- responsible for fine detail

thomas young and hermann von helahotzes theory stating the retina contains 3 different types of color receptors- one is more sensitive to green, one ot blue, one to red. When they are all stimulated, they can produce a perception of any color.

lacking in functions of 1 or more of 3 cones

Ex: Dogs are missing the red sensitivity cone

The idea that by staring at a color- ex. blue for too long and stimulating one blue cone we overstimulate it, wear it out, when look away on a white thing we see yellow instead because green and red cones not touched but blue is so we need all of them to show white but blue is weak(explains why yellow, unlike purp, is perceived as a pure color??)

When you stare at colors, look at white you see opponent colors??

a hypothesis made by Edwald Hering and approved by researchers- the theory that opposing retinal processes such as (blue-red, black-white) enable color vision- see purple, but (blue-yellow) (green/red) do not. Do not cross eachother, opposite sides of the spectrum. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. (Color vision depends on three sets of opposing retinal processes- as impulses travel to the visual cortex, some neurons in both the thalamus and retina are turned on by the red but off by green, etc...

1- the retina's green-red and blue sensitive cones repsond in varying degrees to different color stimuli

2- the cone's responses are then processed by opponent process cells, as Hering's theory proposed

nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement - this was discovered by David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel. THey receive info from the indivudal ganglion cells- the retina passes this info to other cortical areas, where teams of cells (supercell clusters) respond to more complex patterns

-supercells are organized to respond to important events, helping us survive.

processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultatiously.

Ex: visual scene; brain process subdimensions, motion, depth, form color all at once

Ex: recogmize a face- compare processed info from retina to visual cortex with stored info - Fusiform??

Ex: Mrs M.- some parts functioning some not- work seperately

after stroke/surgery damage visual cortex, some experience blindsight- a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without conciously experiencing it- we act as though we can see it.

Ex: when shown sticks, asked which ones are verticle and horozontal, visual intution right-

...

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second) unit=hertz, determines pitch

a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on it's frequency

the chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea, containing three tiny bones (hammer-malleus, anvil-incus, stirrup-stapes) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

a coiled, snail-shaped and bony fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses through the hair cells- send signals to brain....- triggers ripples in basliar membrane?

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.

Semicircular canals help with balance, also fluid filled and send waves and nerve signals that help with balance through the vestricular nerve.

seperates incoming sound into its component frequencies that activate different cochlear regions- bends hair cells lining its surface- in turn, it triggers impulses in adjacent nerve cells, whose axons converge to form the auditory nerve

carries the neural messages to your thalamus and then on to the auditory cortex in your brain's termporal lobe.

the most common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve; also called nerve deafness. - One has trouble discerning what one is saying

a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

a bionic ear- a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cortex

the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated (place coding)- different sound waves trigger activity in different areas. Responsible for higher pitches

Ex: George von Bekey saw high frequencies= large vibrations near the beginning of the membrane, while low no so easily localized

(Also known as temporal coding) the rate of nerve impulses travelling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it's pitch. - responsible for lower pitches

Ex: 100 waves per second, 100 pulses per second up auditory nerve

adds to frequency theory- introduces alternate firing- others shoot while others reload, so nerve firings cannot be more than 1000x per second is canceled out- combined frequency of over 1000x

because we have 2 ears we have sterephonic hearing. (3D) If a sound comes from our right, our right ear will hear it first and more intensely than the left ear- you can locate which side the sound is coming from this way.

.... Q about note in front

1- Pressure

2-Warmth

3-Cold

4-Pain

Other skin sensations are variations of these four- they involve more than tactile stimulation- also cognition, what we perceive to be true-

Ex: Self-administered tickle doesn't tickle

Ex: Caress when think women as opposed to man

Bio: Activity in spinal cord's small and large fibers(?), genetic difference in endorphin production, brain's interpretation of CNS activity

Psycho: Attention to pain, learning based on experience, expectations

Social: Presence of others, empathy for other's pain, cultural expectations

sensory receptors in your skin (mostly), muscles and organs detect harmful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals- does not process pain signals like retina receptors- instead sends to spinal cord and brain through pain impulse in pain circuit

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity pain signals traveling up the small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information from the brain- it distracts

Ex: Message, electrical stimulation.

our natural chemical painkillers, released in response to pain or vigorous exercise

A case where when the brain lacks the normal sensory input from a missing limb, the brain may misinterpret or amplify spontaneous but irrelevant central nervous system activity. Ex: hearing- Tinnitus-- ringing in ears= auditory brain activity - the sound of silence.

Fake painkillers- the belief in it helps to dampen the CNS' attention to pain, mimicking pain-killing drugs- Brain dispense endorphins.

our sense of taste

Basic sensations of it (receptors found)

1- sweet (energy source)

2-sour (potentially toxic acid)

3-salty (sodium essential to physiological processes)

4-bitter(enable survival- dislike because bitter known to be poisonous)

5-umami/savory (meaty taste, MSG, flavor enhancers. Protein grows and repairs)

6-Oleogustus- he taste of fat (energy, isolation, cell growth)

people who either have more than 200 taste buds- taste things more intensely, or normal amount or lower than average.

chemical food taste--taste buds--pores, receptors--hairs sense food --message to matching partner in the brain

our sense of smell (chemical sense)- 20 million receptors

1- molecules of a substance go to receptor cells on top of each nasal cavity- sniffing enhances process.

2- primitive sense- bypasses thalamus, smelled pheromones (chemical messages) in sexual cases to attract and reproduce, or predators, food-

3- odors trigger combinations of molecules like the alphabet- each molecule different with receptors of different sizes to bind to- patterns are interpreted by olfactory cortex

4- near limbic system, memories associated with smell too

Affected by gender, age, experience and genes

Prop- places

the millions of position and motion sensory in muscles, tendons, and joints all over your body, providing constant feedback to your brain, allowing you to walk and move- it enables the sense of kinesthesis.

Our movement sense- our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

Ex: twist wrist- brain receives update- vision interacts with ability- wobble?

our balance sense; our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance. Monitors head's, and thus the body's position and motion- it is faster than vision.

Ex: thumb trick, in front of face, move left, blurs. If thumb still but move head left and right, clear.

one of biological gyroscopes for equilibrium - calcium-crystal filled

Ex: head rotates, tilts-- movement stimulates hair-like receptors, sends more signals to the cerebellum.

--

source- light waves striking eye, Receptors- rods and cones, key brain areas- occupital lobes

source sound waves striking outer ear- receptors cochlear hair cells (cilla) in inner ear-- key brain areas- temporal lobes

source: pressure, warm, cold, harmful chemicals-- receptors, nociceptors, detect 4 senses of touch, key brain is sometoesensory cortex

sources- chemical molecules in the mouth- receptors- taste receptors, 6 senses-- key brain is frontal /temporal lobe border

source-chemical molecules breathed in nose, receptors- atop nasal cavities- key brain area olfactory bulb

source- any change in position- vision effect. Receptors- sensors in joints, tendons, and muscles- proprioceptors, key brain part is the cerebellum

source- movement of fluids in the inner ear, caused by bodily/head movement. Receptors- cilla in the ear's semicircular canals and vestibular sacs - Cerebellum is the key brain part

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences it's taste.

Ex: inhale aroma through nose, allows us to tell difference between cracker and cardboard- food molecule released by chewing rise into your nasal cavity. Also can tell by texture- stale or not

Smell+ texture +taste = flavor

Ex:Vision and hearing weak flicker of light- more visible when w/sound, soft sounds easily heard with visual cues or captions on a movie.

Sometimes can disagree- McGurie effect- mouth movement "ba" hear "ga" percieve"da"

the influence of body sensations, gestures and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements

Ex: judgements mimic body sensations: sitting at a wobbly desk or chair- relationships seem to be less stable

Ex: hard chair, hard in crime, harsher punishment

brain circuits for two or more senses become joined- one sense is stimulated and so is the other-- "Exuberant neural connectivity"-arbitrary

Ex: music= color sensitive cortex regions, color sense

Ex: number=evoke taste or color sensation

----