AP Psychology- States of Conciousness

a periodic, natural loss of consciousness, as distinct from unconciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

-tempurature goes up in the morning, peaks during the day and drops in the evening- thinking is sharpest when approach peak of circadian arousal

-altered by age and experience

-larks (morning peak) older or owl (evening peak) younger.

alert, punctual creative, smart

(rapid eye movement sleep) a reaccuring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. ALso known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed except for the minor twitches but other body systems are active- eyes, chin and brain areas

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

charechteried by slowed breathing and the irregular brain waves, alpha waves, periods of brief movement, hallucinations, hypnagogic sensations

non-rapid eye movemment sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus- Ex: falling sensation, floating sensation, during stage 1

two g

s- gravity, glide

bizzare experiences, such as jerking or a feeling of falling or floating weightlessly while trasniting to sleep (also called hypnic sensationns)

During stage 2, or N2, the body enters a more subdued state including a drop in temperature, relaxed muscles, and slowed breathing and heart rate. At the same time, brain waves show a new pattern and eye movement stops. On the whole, brain activity slows, but there are short bursts of activity. Sleep spindles

bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity that aids memory processing- in stage 2 (processing events from day???)

Muscle tone, pulse, and breathing rate decrease in N3 sleep as the body relaxes even further. The brain activity during this period has an identifiable pattern of what are known as delta waves. For this reason, stage 3 may also be called delta sleep or slow-wave sleep (SWS)- unable to be woken up easily

D- Deep

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep- hard to wake up

you go to stage 2 and then stage 1- now rapid and saw toothed, and then to REM sleep, dreaming

-tricks your brain to respond as if real events not hallucinations

-gentials become aroused, except during scary dreams

-motor Cortex is active, brainstem blocks messages, stopping us from moving and leaving the muscles relaxed- it may linger as we awaken form REM Sleep- sleep paralysis.

Paradoxical sleep- body internally aroused, waking brain action yet asleep and externally calm.

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a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that control circadian rhythm. IN response to light, the SCN adjusts melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

a sleep inducing hormone found in the hypothalamus -

1- sleep protects- suits our ecological niche-

Ex; animals who need to graze sleep less, migrating mating sleep less, no going out at night, sleep more.

2-sleep restores- repairs body and brain, rewires and heals

3-,Memory consolidation- finding memories of the day, reactivating recent experience

4-feeds creative thinking- dreams inspire

5-sleep supports growth- during slow wave sleep, the pituitary gland releases human growth hormone, which is necessary for muscle development

6-Conserves energy- waking times

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-causes depression and irritability= REM sleeps processing of emotional experiences helps protect against depression, but without depressed. INcrease ghrelin, decreasing leptin, increasing cortisol, decreasing metabolic rate

disrupting gene expression- heart disease

enhancing limbic brain responses to food

high blood pressure

inflammation of joints, reduced strength

a hunger arousing hormone that is increased because of sleep deprivation and in which decreases it shunger-supressive partner, Leptin

a stress hormone that stimulates the body to make fat and decreases metabolic rate

a sleep disorder that causes recurring problems in falling and staying alseep- results in depression, obesity, hupertension, arithic and fibromyalgia pain - experiences in 1/5 adults

aggriated by sleeping pills and alcholol, ruin REM sleep

think narcotics , Nap for a lapse of time

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks- the affected person may lapse directly into REM sleep, inopportune times- 5 minutes long

in 1/2000 adults

charechteruzed by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakening

in 1/20 adults

(Sleep walking) motor behavior during stage 3 1-15 in 100

a sleep disorder in which normal REM paraylsis does not occur; instead, twitching, talking, or even kicking or punching mat occur, often acting out one's death- speaking

a sequence of images, emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind (REM)- wake during or short after- remember it

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-truama and dreams- after get nightmares, help extinguish daytime fears

Ex; holocaust survivors

musicions 2 times as many dreams

people blind mostly dreaming of using non-visual senses, but seeing dreams, or paralyzed person dream of movemment-related

violent media cosumped=violent dreams, same forr sexual

-stimulus may be woven in

Esx: odor, phone ringing

Associated a sound with mild electric shock- react accordingly.

writing of the interpretation of dreams- proposed dreams provide a psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings- manifest contnet- strong line as a symbolic version of latent content-unconcious drives- it is the key to understanding conflicts, and it is about information processing.

that dreams are important because they help us process information from the day- fire away memories- sort and fix, consolidate day's experiences

Flaw: why dream about unexperienced things?

the dreams are meant to develop and preserve neural pathways- physiological functions, providing brain with periodic stimulations- in doing this it expands pathways- Ex: infants sleep In REm a lot

Dreams are brain's attempt to make sense of neural static, erupting from the nerual activation spreading upward from the brainstem, synthesizing random neural activity

-surgeons can produce hallucinations by stimulating the cortex

- PEt scans reveal increasing activity in limbic emotional system during emotional dreams

-frontal lobe quiet, no inhibitions

-visual centers activve- depends on dreamer

Dreams reflect cognitive development- they are part of the brain's maturation. When younger than nine, slide-show dreams, no like a sotry or movie

-dreams overlap with waking cognition and speech

-they simulate reality by drawing on ourj concepts and knowledge

-intensified mind-wandering

-top down control, not bottom up.

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

-experienced by mammals= biological and our behavior is influence by learning- fits consolidation theory

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a chemical substance that alters the brain, causing changes in perception and moods.

Ex: Advil, Expresso, Adderal, drinks

a disorder charecterized by continued substance use despite significant life disruption

effects depend on

-drugs biological effects (how it changes the brain)

-user's expectations vary in social and cultural contexts

Ex: one culture things drug produces euphoria, another not.

3-4 mild, 4-5 moderate, 6 plus severe

Control: uses more substance or for longer than intended, unsucessfully regulating it and spends much time acquiring, using and recovering from effects- craves it.

Social: disrupts commitments, continues despite social problems and reduced social recreation work activities

Hazard:continues despite hazards or worsening physical and physological health

Drug action: experiences tolerance, withdrawal when try to end

when the brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug's effect (Neuroadaptation)

-to experience same effect, require larger dose, and increase risk of addiction, substance use disorder

caused by increasing doses of psychoactive drugs, including prescription pain killers. Craves drug, continuing despite adversities and struggling when trying to withdraw (want drug more than like)

4-alchohol disorder (23 chance)

9-marijuana

21-cocaine

68-tobacco

group support and therapy helps, or belief that person can overcome it.

depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens. They all affect the brain's synapses and stimulate , inhibit or mimic neurotransmitters

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow down body functions

Ex: alcohol, barbiurates, opiods

-Slows inhibitions, increases harmful actions, positive actions.

-Slow sympathetic NS activity, driving, reaction, speech, gag reflex not there

-reduces new memories, nerve cells not develop, blackout suppressed REM

-reduced self awareness-mind wandering, used to stop thinking about failures

-expectancy: act out effects when believe drug, also excuse actions

drugs that depress CNS activity, lower anxiety and impair memory and judgement. They are tranquilizers. They induce sleep and reduce anxiety

Ex: Nembutal, Seconal???

opium and its derivatives; depresses neural activity, lessening pain and anxiety temporarily Ex: Heroin, substitute medically peerscribed meth, or pain relief narcotics

Ex: Oxycoton, morphine, fentenyl (synthetic)

-pupils contract, breathing slow, pleasure temporary as brains stops producing endorphins. when withdraw a ,lot of pain, lack in natural opiods

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions (pupils dilate, heat and breathing goes up, blood Sugar up

Ex: Caffeeine, Nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine speed and ecstasy

- feel alert, loose weight, boost mood or athletic preformance (if miss, get headache, irritated, depressed)

(in tobacco products) dynamite-loaded-like every 25k packsEx: cigarettes, vapes, cigars, pipes, snuff and e-cigs- tar in other, not this, so more people use, help to transition off smoking, fruity flavors for teens