Anticonvulsants

3-Methylbutanoic acid, also known as β-methylbutyric acid or more commonly isovaleric acid, is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CHCH2CO2H.

Acetazolamide, usually sold under the trade name Diamox in some countries, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used for the medical treatment of glaucoma, epileptic seizure, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, altitude sickness, cystinuria, periodic paralysis, central sleep apnea, and dural ectasia.

Phenobarbital, also known as phenobarbitone or phenobarb, is a medication recommended by the World Health Organization for the treatment of certain types of epilepsy in developing countries.

Trimethadione is an oxazolidinedione anticonvulsant.

Valproate (VPA), and its valproic acid, sodium valproate, and divalproex sodium forms, are medications primarily used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and to prevent migraine headaches.

Phenibut (fenibut, phenybut; brand names Noofen and Citrocard), contracted from β-phenyl-γ-aminobutyric acid (β-phenyl-GABA), is a central depressant and analog of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), or a GABA analogue.

Felbamate (marketed under the brand name Felbatol by MedPointe) is an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of epilepsy.

Beclamide (marketed as Chloracon, Hibicon, Posedrine, Nydrane, Seclar, and other names) is a drug that possesses anticonvulsant activity.

Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (abbreviated as THDOC; 3α,21-dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one), also referred to as allotetrahydrocorticosterone, is an endogenous neurosteroid.

Benzobarbital (Benzonal) is a barbiturate derivative.

Potassium bromide (KBr) is a salt, widely used as an anticonvulsant and a sedative in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with over-the-counter use extending to 1975 in the US.

Pregabalin, marketed under the brand name Lyrica among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and generalized anxiety disorder.

Cannabidiol (CBD) (INN) is one of at least 113 active cannabinoids identified in cannabis.

Nitrazepam is a hypnotic drug of the benzodiazepine class, indicated for the short-term relief of severe, disabling anxiety and insomnia.

Clonazepam, sold under the brand name Klonopin among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat seizures, panic disorder, and for the movement disorder known as akathisia.

Diazepam, first marketed as Valium, is a medication of the benzodiazepine family that typically produces a calming effect.

Fluoxetine, also known by trade names Prozac and Sarafem among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class.

Lamotrigine, originally marketed as Lamictal and available under many brands worldwide, is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder.

Phenytoin, sold under the brand name Dilantin among others, is an anti-seizure medication.

Ethotoin (marketed as Peganone by Ovation) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy.

Topiramate (brand name Topamax) is an anticonvulsant (antiepilepsy) drug.

Gaboxadol, also known as 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(5,4-c)pyridin-3-ol (THIP), is a conformationally constrained derivative of the alkaloid muscimol that was first synthesized in 1977 by the Danish chemist Povl Krogsgaard-Larsen.

Gabapentin (GPN) marketed under the brand name Neurontin among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, hot flashes, and restless leg syndrome.

Levetiracetam, marketed under the trade name Keppra among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy.

Paraldehyde is the cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde molecules.

Allopregnanolone (ALLO), also known as 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one or 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone (3α,5α-THP), is an endogenous inhibitory pregnane neurosteroid.

Oxcarbazepine is an anticonvulsant drug primarily used in the treatment of epilepsy.

Primidone (INN, BAN, USP) is an anticonvulsant of the barbiturate class.

Bamaluzole is a GABA receptor agonist.

Tolgabide INN (SL-81.0142) is a drug which was patented by Synthélabo as an anticonvulsant but was never marketed.

JNJ-26990990 is a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant drug currently under development by Janssen Pharmaceutica as a second-generation followup to the marketed drug topiramate.

Flurazepam (marketed under the brand names Dalmane and Dalmadorm) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative.

Methylpentynol (Methylparafynol, Dormison, Atemorin, Oblivon) is a tertiary hexanol with hypnotic/sedative and anticonvulsant effects.

Stiripentol (marketed as Diacomit by Laboratoires Biocodex) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy.

Valnoctamide (INN, USAN) has been used in France as a sedative-hypnotic since 1964.

Brivaracetam (trade name Briviact), a chemical analog of levetiracetam, is a racetam derivative with anticonvulsant (antiepileptic) properties.

Licarbazepine is a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects that is related to oxcarbazepine.

Mesuximide (or methsuximide, methosuximide) is a succinimide anticonvulsant medication.

Progabide (INN) (trade name Gabrene, Sanofi-Aventis) is an analogue and prodrug of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) used in the treatment of epilepsy.

Nafimidone is an anticonvulsant drug of the imidazole class.

Rufinamide is an anticonvulsant medication.

Perampanel (sold under the trade name Fycompa) is an antiepileptic drug developed by Eisai Co.

Fosphenytoin (fosphenytoin sodium, trade names Cerebyx, Parke-Davis; Prodilantin, Pfizer Holding France) is a water-soluble phenytoin prodrug that is administered intravenously to deliver phenytoin, potentially more safely than intravenous phenytoin.

Isovaleramide is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CHCH2C(O)NH2.

Probarbital (trade names Ipral, Vasalgin) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1920s.

Carisbamate (YKP 509, proposed trade name Comfyde) is an experimental anticonvulsant drug under development by Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development.

4-Iodopropofol is a drug derived from the commonly used sedative anaesthetic agent, propofol.

Safranal is an organic compound isolated from saffron, the spice consisting of the stigmas of crocus flowers (Crocus sativus).

Valpromide (marketed as Depamide by Sanofi-Aventis) is a carboxamide derivative of valproic acid used in the treatment of epilepsy and some affective disorders.

Retigabine (INN) or ezogabine (USAN) is an anticonvulsant used as an adjunctive treatment for partial epilepsies in treatment-experienced adult patients.

Oxitriptyline (BS-7679) is an anticonvulsant of the tricyclic family which was never marketed.

SL-75102, or progabide acid, is an active metabolite of progabide and an anticonvulsant GABA receptor agonist.

Irazepine (Ro 7-1986/1) is a benzodiazepine derivative containing isothiocyanate functional group.

Fludiazepam, marketed under the brand name Erispan (エリスパン) is a potent benzodiazepine and 2ʹ-fluoro derivative of diazepam, originally developed by Hoffman-La Roche in the 1960s.

Zonisamide is a sulfonamide anticonvulsant approved for use as an adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures; infantile spasm, mixed seizure types of Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, myoclonic, and generalized tonic clonic seizure.

Rimcazole is an antagonist of the sigma receptor as well as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor.

3,3-Diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone (DEABL) is an anticonvulsant drug most closely related to pyrithyldione and gabapentin.

Ethanolamine-O-sulfate (EOS) is an ester of sulfuric acid and ethanolamine.

Ameltolide, a 4-aminobenzamide derivative, is an experimental anticonvulsant agent, effective at inhibiting seizures in animal models.

γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB) (brand names Gamibetal, Gabomade, Aminoxan, Bogil, Diastal, Gabimex, Gaboril, Kolpo), or β-hydroxy-γ-aminobutyric acid (β-hydroxy-GABA), is an anticonvulsant which is used for the treatment of epilepsy in Europe, Japan, and Mexico.

Modafinil sulfone (code name CRL-41056) is an achiral, oxidized metabolite of modafinil, a wakefulness-promoting agent.

Pheneturide (INN, BAN) (brand names Benuride, Deturid, Pheneturid, Septotence, Trinuride), also known as phenylethylacetylurea (or ethylphenacemide), is an anticonvulsant of the ureide class.

Gabapentin enacarbil (Horizant (in USA), Regnite (in Japan), formerly known as XP-13512) is a prodrug for the anticonvulsant and analgesic drug gabapentin.

Hispidulin is a naturally-occurring flavone with potential antiepileptic activity in rats.

NCS-382 is a moderately selective antagonist for the GHB receptor.

Metharbital was patented in 1905 by Emil Fischer working for Merck.

Ethoxzolamide (alternatively known as ethoxyzolamide) is a sulfonamide medication that functions as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.

Indantadol (CHF-3381, V-3381) is a drug which was formerly being investigated as an anticonvulsant and neuroprotective and is now under development for the treatment of neuropathic pain and chronic cough in Europe by Vernalis and Chiesi.

Nirvanol, also known as ethylphenylhydantoin, is a derivative of hydantoin with anticonvulsant properties.

GYKI-52466 is a 2,3-benzodiazepine that acts as an ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist, which is a non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist (IC50 values are 10-20, ~ 450 and >> 50 μM for AMPA- , kainate- and NMDA-induced responses respectively), orally-active anticonvulsant, and skeletal muscle relaxant.

Org 21465 is a synthetic neuroactive steroid, with sedative effects resulting from its action as a GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator.

Talampanel (INN) (code names GYKI 537773, LY300164) is a drug which has been investigated for the treatment of epilepsy, malignant gliomas and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Lacosamide (INN, formerly known as erlosamide, harkeroside, SPM 927, or ADD 234037) is a medication discovered by Dr.

Sultiame (rINN, also known as sulthiame) is a sulfonamide and inhibitor of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.

Eslicarbazepine acetate (trade names Aptiom in the US, Zebinix in Europe, Exalief in Russia), abbreviated as ESL, is an anticonvulsant medication approved for use in Europe and the United States as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy (additional therapy) for partial-onset seizures epilepsy.

DCPG ((S)-3,4-DCPG) is a drug used in scientific research, which acts as a potent and subtype-selective agonist for the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR8.

Etazepine (INN) is an anticonvulsant with a tricyclic structure which is related to the benzodiazepines, but was never marketed.

Nabazenil (SP-175) is a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist, which has anticonvulsant properties.

Selurampanel (INN, code name BGG492) is a drug closely related to the quinoxalinedione series which acts as a competitive antagonist of the AMPA and kainate receptors and, as of 2015, is being investigated in clinical trials by Novartis for the treatment of epilepsy.

JNJ-26489112 is an anticonvulsant drug being developed by Johnson & Johnson for the treatment of epilepsy.