Gandhāra (Pashto: ګندارا, Urdu: گندھارا, Avestan: Vaēkərəta, Old Persian: Para-upari-sena, Bactrian: Paropamisadae [Hellenization: Paropamisus], Greek: Caspatyrus) is the ancient term for the city and old kingdom of Taxila and Peshawar, which encompassed the Swat valley and northern Punjab in Pakistan, as well as the Jalalabad district of modern-day Afghanistan.