Amino acids

Cystine is the oxidized dimer form of the amino acid cysteine and has formula (SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H)2.

A desmosine cross-link is formed from three allysyl side chains plus one unaltered lysyl side chain from the same or neighbouring polypeptides.

Kainic acid (kainate) is a natural marine acid present in some seaweed.

Penicillamine, sold under the trade names of Cuprimine, Cuprenyl and Depen, is a medication of the chelator class.

Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

Arginine (abbreviated as Arg or R) encoded by the codons CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Aspartic acid (abbreviated as Asp or D; encoded by the codons [GAU and GAC]), also known as aspartate, is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Glutamine (abbreviated as Gln or Q; encoded by the codons CAA and CAG) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Glycine (abbreviated as Gly or G) is the amino acid which has hydrogen as its side chain.

Isoleucine (abbreviated as Ile or I) encoded by the codons ATT, ATC, ATA is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Leucine (abbreviated as Leu or L; encoded by the six codons UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG) is an α-amino acid used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Methionine is an essential amino acid in humans.

Pyrrolysine (abbreviated as Pyl or O; encoded by the 'amber' stop codon UAG) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins in some methanogenic archaea and bacterium; it is not present in humans.

Trimethylglycine (TMG) is an amino acid derivative that occurs in plants.

Tyrosine (Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 22 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (γ-Aminobutyric acid) /ˈɡæmə əˈmiːnoʊbjuːˈtɪrᵻk ˈæsᵻd/ (also called GABA /ˈɡæbə/ for short) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system.

Norleucine (abbreviated as Nle) is an amino acid with the formula CH3(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H.

Glycin, or N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)glycine, is N-substituted p-aminophenol.

The organic compound citrulline is an α-amino acid.

Cucurbitin is an amino acid and a carboxypyrrolidine that is found in Cucurbita seeds.

L-DOPA (/ˌɛlˈdoʊpə/ or levodopa /ˌlɛvoʊˈdoʊpə/) (alt., L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) is a chemical that is made and used as part of the normal biology of humans, some animals and plants.

Norvaline (abbreviated as Nva) is an amino acid with the formula CH3(CH2)2CH(NH2)CO2H.

Gabapentin (GPN) marketed under the brand name Neurontin among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, hot flashes, and restless leg syndrome.

Felinine, also known as (R)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-2-methylbutan-2-ylthio)propanoic acid, is a chemical compound and amino acid found in cat urine and a precursor via microbial lyase of the putative cat pheromone and thiol called 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol (MMB).

Hypusine is an unusual amino acid found in all eukaryotes and in some archaea, but not in bacteria.

Tricine is an organic compound that is used in buffer solutions.

Caramboxin (CBX) is a toxin found in star fruit (Averrhoa carambola)).

Kelatorphan is a drug which acts as a powerful and complete inhibitor of nearly all of the enzymes responsible for catabolism of the endogenous enkephalins, including neutral endopeptidase (NEP), dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPP3), aminopeptidase N (APN), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).

Formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) is an intermediate in the metabolism of histidine.

Glutamate-1-semialdehyde is a molecule formed from by the reduction of tRNA bound glutamate, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA reductase.

Pyroglutamic acid (also known as PCA, 5-oxoproline, pidolic acid, or pyroglutamate for its basic form) is an uncommon and little studied amino acid derivative in which the free amino group of glutamic acid or glutamine cyclizes to form a lactam.

Arbaclofen placarbil (ar-BAC-loe-fen pla-KAR-bil, also known as XP19986) is a prodrug of R-baclofen.

Droxidopa (INN; trade name Northera; also known as L-DOPS, L-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine, L-threo-DOPS and SM-5688) is a synthetic amino acid precursor which acts as a prodrug to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

S-Methylmethionine (SMM) is a derivative of methionine with the chemical formula (CH3)2S+CH2CH2CH(NH3+)CO2−.

Arginine glutamate is a mixture of two amino acids, 50% arginine and 50% glutamic acid, used in liver therapy.

Eglumegad (LY354740) is a research drug developed by Eli Lilly and Company, which is being investigated for its potential in the treatment of anxiety and drug addiction.

α-Difluoromethyl-DOPA (DFMD, DFM-DOPA) is a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor.

Carboxyglutamic acid (or the conjugate base, carboxyglutamate), is an uncommon amino acid introduced into proteins by a post-translational carboxylation of glutamic acid residues.

AP5 or APV ((2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid; (2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate) is a selective NMDA receptor antagonist that competitively inhibits the ligand (glutamate) binding site of NMDA receptors.

Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring amino acid and is a thiourea derivative of histidine, containing a sulfur atom on the imidazole ring.

2-Aminomuconic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.

N′-Formylkynurenine is an intermediate in the catabolism of tryptophan.

Ornithine oxoglutarate (OGO) or ornithine α-ketoglutarate (OKG) is a drug used in liver therapy.

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a naturally occurring chemical found in blood plasma.

1-Amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane (ACPD) is a chemical compound that binds to the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR), acting as a mGluR agonist.

1-Methyltryptophan is a competitive inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO or INDO EC 1.13.11.52).

Allysine is a derivative of lysine, used in the production of elastin and collagen.

Muscazone is a toxic psychoactive chemical compound.

Saccharopine is an intermediate in the metabolism of amino acid lysine.

BNC210 (also known as IW-4123 during its time licensed to Ironwood Pharmaceuticals) is an anxiolytic drug that acts via negative allosteric modulation of the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, by Bionomics Limited.

4-Methylpregabalin is a drug developed by Pfizer and related to pregabalin, which similarly acts as an analgesic with effectiveness against difficult to treat "atypical" pain syndromes such as neuropathic pain.

Thyronine is a deiodinated form of thyroxine.

γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB) (brand names Gamibetal, Gabomade, Aminoxan, Bogil, Diastal, Gabimex, Gaboril, Kolpo), or β-hydroxy-γ-aminobutyric acid (β-hydroxy-GABA), is an anticonvulsant which is used for the treatment of epilepsy in Europe, Japan, and Mexico.

L-threo-3-Methylaspartate is an unusual amino acid formed by glutamate mutase and can be metabolised by methylaspartate ammonia-lyase.

N-Propyl-L-arginine, or more properly NG-propyl-L-arginine (NPA), is a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS).

CGP-37849 is a competitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor.

Isoglutamine or α-glutamine is a gamma amino acid derived from glutamic acid by substituting the carboxyl group in position 1 with an amide group.

Nicotianamine is a metal-chelating molecule ubiquitous in higher plants.

Nitroarginine, or Nω-nitro-L-arginine, is a nitro derivative of the amino acid arginine.

Quisqualic acid is an agonist of the AMPA, kainate, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, and one of the most potent AMPA receptor agonists known.

UBP-302 is a highly selective kainate receptor antagonist used in the study of many neurological processes.

(Z)-4-Amino-2-butenoic acid (CACA, cis-4-aminocrotonic acid) is a GABA receptor partial agonist selective for the GABAA-ρ (previously known as GABAC) subtype.

β-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) is an isomer of the amino acid aminobutyric acid with the chemical formula C4H9NO2.

6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) is a glutamine antagonist, which was isolated originally from Streptomyces in a sample of Peruvian soil.

β-2-Thienylalanine is an amino acid containing a thiophene side chain.

In molecular biology, Vitamin D binding protein domain III protein domain is predominantly found in Vitamin D binding proteins (DBP).

Mirogabalin (DS-5565) is a drug developed by Daiichi Sankyo and related to drugs such as gabapentin and pregabalin.