2022-01-30T00:31:04+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true <p>If an infectious disease can be transmitted directly from one person to another, it is a: A) Susceptible host. B) Communicable disease. C) Port of entry to a host. D) Port of exit from the reservoir.</p>, Which is the most likely means of transmitting infection between patients? A) Exposure to another patient's cough B) Sharing equipment among patients C) Disposing of soiled linen in a shared linen bag D) Contact with a health care worker's hands, Identify the interval when a patient progresses from nonspecific signs to manifesting signs and symptoms specific to a type of infection. A) Illness stage B) Convalescence C) Prodromal stage D) Incubation period, Which of the following is the most effective way to break the chain of infection? A) Hand hygiene B) Wearing gloves C) Placing patients in isolation D) Providing private rooms for patients, A family member is providing care to a loved one who has an infected leg wound. What would you instruct the family member to do after providing care and handling contaminated equipment or organic material? A) Wear gloves before eating or handling food. B) Place any soiled materials into a bag and double bag it. C) Have the family member check with the doctor about need for immunization. D) Perform hand hygiene after care and/or handling contaminated equipment or material., A patient is isolated for pulmonary tuberculosis. The nurse notes that the patient seems to be angry, but he knows that this is a normal response to isolation. Which is the best intervention? A) Provide a dark, quiet room to calm the patient. B) Reduce the level of precautions to keep the patient from becoming angry. C) Explain the reasons for isolation procedures and provide meaningful stimulation. D) Limit family and other caregiver visits to reduce the risk of spreading the infection., The nurse wears a gown when: A) The patient's hygiene is poor. B) The nurse is assisting with medication administration. C) The patient has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or hepatitis. D) Blood or body fluids may get on the nurse's clothing from a task that he or she plans to perform., The nurse has redressed a patient's wound and now plans to administer a medication to the patient. Which is the correct infection control procedure? A) Leave the gloves on to administer the medication. B) Remove gloves and administer the medication. C) Remove gloves and perform hand hygiene before administering the medication. D) Leave the medication on the bedside table to avoid having to remove gloves before leaving the patient's room., When a nurse is performing surgical hand asepsis, the nurse must keep hands: A) Below elbows. B) Above elbows. C) At a 45-degree angle. D) In a comfortable position., What is the best method to sterilize a straight urinary catheter and suction tube in the home setting? A) Use an autoclave. B) Use boiling water. C) Use ethylene oxide gas. D) Use chemicals for disinfection., A patient has an indwelling urinary catheter. Why does an indwelling urinary catheter present a risk for urinary tract infection? A) It keeps an incontinent patient's skin dry. B) It can get caught in the linens or equipment. C) It obstructs the normal flushing action of urine flow. D) It allows the patient to remain hydrated without having to urinate., Put the following steps for removal of protective barriers after leaving an isolation room in order: A) Untie top, then bottom mask strings and remove from face. B) Untie waist and neck strings of gown. Allow gown to fall from shoulders and discard. Remove gown, rolling it onto itself without touching the contaminated side. C) Remove gloves. D) Remove eyewear or goggles. E) Perform hand hygiene., Your ungloved hands come in contact with the drainage from your patient's wound. What is the correct method to clean your hands? A) Wash them with soap and water. B) Use an alcohol-based hand cleaner. C) Rinse them and use the alcohol-based hand cleaner. D) Wipe them with a paper towel., A patient's surgical wound has become swollen, red, and tender. You note that the patient has a new fever and leukocytosis. What is the best immediate intervention? A) Notify the health care provider and use surgical technique to change the dressing. B) Reassure the patient and recheck the wound later. C) Notify the health care provider and support the patient's fluid and nutritional needs. D) Alert the patient and caregivers to the presence of an infection to ensure care after discharge., While preparing to do a sterile dressing change, a nurse accidentally sneezes over the sterile field that is on the over-the-bed table. Which of the following principles of surgical asepsis, if any, has the nurse violated? A) When a sterile field comes in contact with a wet surface, the sterile field is contaminated by capillary action. B) Fluid flows in the direction of gravity. C) A sterile field becomes contaminated by prolonged exposure to air. D) None of the principles were violated., Infection, Colonization, Carrier, Communicable disease, Symptomatic infections, Asymptomatic infections, Chain of infection, Virulence, Reservoir, Bacteriostasis, Bactercidal, What are some examples of port of entry/exit?, Modes of transmission, Contact mode of transmission, Air mode of transmission, Vehicle mode of transmission, Vector mode of transmission, Course of infection stages, Incubation period, Prodromal stage, Illness stage, Convalescence stage, Suprainfection, Serous exudate, Sanguineous exudate, Purulent exudate, Healthcare Associated Infections, Iatrogenic infection, Exogenous Infection, Endogenous Infection, Susceptible Host, Immune Senescence, Normal WBC count, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Iron Level, Cultures of urine and blood, Culture of gram stain of wound, sputum, and throat, A 51 year old patient is admitted to a medical-surgical unit with a systemic infection. The nurse would expect to see which of the following signs and symptoms in this patient? A) redness, fever, edema B) drainage, nausea, fever C) edema, malaise, and fever D) fever, fatigue, nausea, Which U.S. city has the highest rate of patient's with HIV?, Can blood spill be cleaned with a paper towel and water?, How much more expensive are biohazzard bags compared to regular trash bags?, Asepsis, Medical asepsis, Standard Precautions, Surgical asepsis, Cleaning, Disinfection, Sterilization, Who do you use Tier One Standard Precautions with?, Isolation, Contact precautions, Droplet precautions, Airborne precautions, Protective Environment, 7 Principles of Surgical Aspesis flashcards
Adult Health Chapter 28 Infection Prevention and Control

Adult Health Chapter 28 Infection Prevention and Control

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  • If an infectious disease can be transmitted directly from one person to another, it is a: A) Susceptible host. B) Communicable disease. C) Port of entry to a host. D) Port of exit from the reservoir.

    Communicable disease.

  • Which is the most likely means of transmitting infection between patients? A) Exposure to another patient's cough B) Sharing equipment among patients C) Disposing of soiled linen in a shared linen bag D) Contact with a health care worker's hands
    Contact with a health care worker's hands
  • Identify the interval when a patient progresses from nonspecific signs to manifesting signs and symptoms specific to a type of infection. A) Illness stage B) Convalescence C) Prodromal stage D) Incubation period
    Prodromal stage
  • Which of the following is the most effective way to break the chain of infection? A) Hand hygiene B) Wearing gloves C) Placing patients in isolation D) Providing private rooms for patients
    Hand hygiene
  • A family member is providing care to a loved one who has an infected leg wound. What would you instruct the family member to do after providing care and handling contaminated equipment or organic material? A) Wear gloves before eating or handling food. B) Place any soiled materials into a bag and double bag it. C) Have the family member check with the doctor about need for immunization. D) Perform hand hygiene after care and/or handling contaminated equipment or material.
    Perform hand hygiene after care and/or handling contaminated equipment or material.
  • A patient is isolated for pulmonary tuberculosis. The nurse notes that the patient seems to be angry, but he knows that this is a normal response to isolation. Which is the best intervention? A) Provide a dark, quiet room to calm the patient. B) Reduce the level of precautions to keep the patient from becoming angry. C) Explain the reasons for isolation procedures and provide meaningful stimulation. D) Limit family and other caregiver visits to reduce the risk of spreading the infection.
    Explain the reasons for isolation procedures and provide meaningful stimulation.
  • The nurse wears a gown when: A) The patient's hygiene is poor. B) The nurse is assisting with medication administration. C) The patient has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or hepatitis. D) Blood or body fluids may get on the nurse's clothing from a task that he or she plans to perform.
    Blood or body fluids may get on the nurse's clothing from a task that he or she plans to perform.
  • The nurse has redressed a patient's wound and now plans to administer a medication to the patient. Which is the correct infection control procedure? A) Leave the gloves on to administer the medication. B) Remove gloves and administer the medication. C) Remove gloves and perform hand hygiene before administering the medication. D) Leave the medication on the bedside table to avoid having to remove gloves before leaving the patient's room.
    Remove gloves and perform hand hygiene before administering the medication.
  • When a nurse is performing surgical hand asepsis, the nurse must keep hands: A) Below elbows. B) Above elbows. C) At a 45-degree angle. D) In a comfortable position.
    Above elbows.
  • What is the best method to sterilize a straight urinary catheter and suction tube in the home setting? A) Use an autoclave. B) Use boiling water. C) Use ethylene oxide gas. D) Use chemicals for disinfection.
    Use boiling water.
  • A patient has an indwelling urinary catheter. Why does an indwelling urinary catheter present a risk for urinary tract infection? A) It keeps an incontinent patient's skin dry. B) It can get caught in the linens or equipment. C) It obstructs the normal flushing action of urine flow. D) It allows the patient to remain hydrated without having to urinate.
    It obstructs the normal flushing action of urine flow.
  • Put the following steps for removal of protective barriers after leaving an isolation room in order: A) Untie top, then bottom mask strings and remove from face. B) Untie waist and neck strings of gown. Allow gown to fall from shoulders and discard. Remove gown, rolling it onto itself without touching the contaminated side. C) Remove gloves. D) Remove eyewear or goggles. E) Perform hand hygiene.
    Remove gloves. Remove eyewear or goggles. Untie waist and neck strings of gown. Allow gown to fall from shoulders and discard. Remove gown, rolling it onto itself without touching the contaminated side. Untie top, then bottom mask strings and remove from face. Perform hand hygiene.
  • Your ungloved hands come in contact with the drainage from your patient's wound. What is the correct method to clean your hands? A) Wash them with soap and water. B) Use an alcohol-based hand cleaner. C) Rinse them and use the alcohol-based hand cleaner. D) Wipe them with a paper towel.
    Wash them with soap and water.
  • A patient's surgical wound has become swollen, red, and tender. You note that the patient has a new fever and leukocytosis. What is the best immediate intervention? A) Notify the health care provider and use surgical technique to change the dressing. B) Reassure the patient and recheck the wound later. C) Notify the health care provider and support the patient's fluid and nutritional needs. D) Alert the patient and caregivers to the presence of an infection to ensure care after discharge.
    Notify the health care provider and support the patient's fluid and nutritional needs.
  • While preparing to do a sterile dressing change, a nurse accidentally sneezes over the sterile field that is on the over-the-bed table. Which of the following principles of surgical asepsis, if any, has the nurse violated? A) When a sterile field comes in contact with a wet surface, the sterile field is contaminated by capillary action. B) Fluid flows in the direction of gravity. C) A sterile field becomes contaminated by prolonged exposure to air. D) None of the principles were violated.
    A sterile field becomes contaminated by prolonged exposure to air.
  • Infection
    the invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms, resulting in disease.
  • Colonization
    the presence and growth of microorganisms within a host but without tissue invasion or damage
  • Carrier
    shows no symptoms of illness but has pathogens on or in their body that can be transferred to others
  • Communicable disease
    an infectious disease that is transmitted directly from one person to another
  • Symptomatic infections
    the pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms
  • Asymptomatic infections
    clinical signs and symptoms are not present
  • Chain of infection
    An infectious agent or pathogen A reservoir or source for pathogen growth A port of exit from the reservoir A mode of transmission A port of entry to a host A susceptible host
  • Virulence
    ability to produce disease
  • Reservoir
    place where microorganisms survive, multiply, and await transfer to a susceptible host
  • Bacteriostasis
    prevent growth and reproduction of bacteria
  • Bactercidal
    A temperature or chemical that destroys bacteria
  • What are some examples of port of entry/exit?
    blood, skin, respiratory tract, GI tract, feces, draining wounds, transplacental, and reproductive tract
  • Modes of transmission
    Contact, air, vehicles, vectors
  • Contact mode of transmission
    Direct (person to person) & indirect (person to inanimate objects)
  • Air mode of transmission
    Airborne (Droplet nuclei or residue or evaporated droplets suspended in air during coughing or sneezing or carried on dust particles ) Droplet (Large particles that travel up to 3 feet during coughing, sneezing, or talking and come in contact with susceptible host)
  • Vehicle mode of transmission
    Contaminated items, water, drugs, blood, food
  • Vector mode of transmission
    Flies, mosquitoes, louse, fleas, ticks
  • Course of infection stages
    incubation period, prodromal stage, illness state, convalescence stage
  • Incubation period
    Interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms (e.g., chickenpox, 10 to 21 days after exposure; common cold, 1 to 2 days; influenza, 1 to 5 days; mumps, 12 to 26 days).
  • Prodromal stage
    Interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms (malaise, low-grade fever, fatigue) to more specific symptoms. (During this time microorganisms grow and multiply, and patient may be capable of spreading disease to others.) For example, herpes simplex begins with itching and tingling at the site before the lesion appears.
  • Illness stage
    Interval when patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection. For example, strep throat is manifested by sore throat, pain, and swelling; mumps is manifested by high fever, parotid and salivary gland swelling.
  • Convalescence stage
    Interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear. (Length of recovery depends on severity of infection and patient's host resistance; recovery may take several days to months.)
  • Suprainfection
    Secondary infection usually caused by an opportunistic pathogen. Develops when broad-spectrum antibiotics eliminate a wide range of normal flora organisms, not just those causing infection. When normal bacterial floras are eliminated, body defenses are reduced, which allows for disease-producing microorganisms to multiply, causing illness.
  • Serous exudate
    clear, like plasma
  • Sanguineous exudate
    containing red blood cells
  • Purulent exudate
    containing white blood cells and bacteria
  • Healthcare Associated Infections
    Infection that was not present or incubating at the time of admission to a health care setting.
  • Iatrogenic infection
    type of HAI from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure.
  • Exogenous Infection
    comes from microorganisms found outside the individual such as Salmonella, Clostridium tetani, and Aspergillus. They do not exist as normal floras
  • Endogenous Infection
    occurs when part of the patient's flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results (e.g., staphylococci, enterococci, yeasts, and streptococci). This often happens when a patient receives broad-spectrum antibiotics that alter the normal floras.
  • Susceptible Host
    most likely to acquire an infection
  • Immune Senescence
    An age-related decline in immune system function
  • Normal WBC count
    5000-10,000/mm3 (Increased in acute infection, decreased in certain viral or overwhelming infections)
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
    Up to 15 mm/hr for men and 20 mm/hr for women Elevated in presence of inflammatory process
  • Iron Level
    60-90 g/100 mL Decreased in chronic infection
  • Cultures of urine and blood
    Normally sterile, without microorganism growth
  • Culture of gram stain of wound, sputum, and throat
    No WBCs on Gram stain, possible normal flora
  • A 51 year old patient is admitted to a medical-surgical unit with a systemic infection. The nurse would expect to see which of the following signs and symptoms in this patient? A) redness, fever, edema B) drainage, nausea, fever C) edema, malaise, and fever D) fever, fatigue, nausea
    fever, fatigue, nausea
  • Which U.S. city has the highest rate of patient's with HIV?
    NYC
  • Can blood spill be cleaned with a paper towel and water?
    No, must use bleach solution of 1 part bleach and 9 parts water.
  • How much more expensive are biohazzard bags compared to regular trash bags?
    20 times
  • Asepsis
    is the absence of pathogenic (disease-producing) microorganisms.
  • Medical asepsis
    clean technique, includes procedures for reducing the number of organisms present and preventing the transfer of organisms. Hand hygiene, barrier techniques, and routine environmental cleaning are examples
  • Standard Precautions
    Guidelines recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to reduce risk of transmission of bloodborne and other pathogens in hospitals.
  • Surgical asepsis
    sterile technique prevents contamination of an open wound, serves to isolate the operative area from the unsterile environment, and maintains a sterile field for surgery. Includes procedures used to eliminate all microorganisms, including pathogens and spores, from an object or area
  • Cleaning
    the removal of all soil (e.g., organic and inorganic material) from objects and surfaces
  • Disinfection
    describes a process that eliminates many or all microorganisms, with the exception of bacterial spores, from inanimate objects
  • Sterilization
    the complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms, including spores.
  • Who do you use Tier One Standard Precautions with?
    All patients!
  • Isolation
    the separation and restriction of movement of ill persons with contagious diseases
  • Contact precautions
    Used for direct and indirect contact with patients and their environment. Direct contact refers to the care and handling of contaminated body fluids. An example includes blood or other body fluids from an infected patient that enter the health care worker's body through direct contact with compromised skin or mucous membranes. Indirect contact involves the transfer of an infectious agent through a contaminated intermediate object such as contaminated instruments or hands of health care workers. The health care worker may transmit microorganisms from one patient site to another if hand hygiene is not performed between patients
  • Droplet precautions
    Focus on diseases that are transmitted by large droplets expelled into the air and travel 3 to 6 feet from the patient. Droplet precautions require the wearing of a surgical mask when within 3 feet of the patient, proper hand hygiene, and some dedicated-care equipment. An example is a patient with influenza.
  • Airborne precautions
    Focus on diseases that are transmitted by smaller droplets, which remain in the air for longer periods of time. This requires a specially equipped room with a negative air flow referred to as an airborne infection isolation room. Air is not returned to the inside ventilation system but is filtered through a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter and exhausted directly to the outside. All health care personnel wear an N95 respirator every time they enter the room.
  • Protective Environment
    Focuses on a very limited patient population. This form of isolation requires a specialized room with positive airflow. The airflow rate is set at greater than 12 air exchanges per hour, and all air is filtered through a HEPA filter. Patients are not allowed to have dried or fresh flowers or potted plants in these rooms.
  • 7 Principles of Surgical Aspesis
    A sterile object remains sterile only when touched by another sterile object. Only sterile objects may be placed on a sterile field. A sterile object or field out of the range of vision or an object held below a person's waist is contaminated. A sterile object or field becomes contaminated by prolonged exposure to air. When a sterile surface comes in contact with a wet, contaminated surface, the sterile object or field becomes contaminated by capillary action.Fluid flows in the direction of gravity. The edges of a sterile field or container are considered to be contaminated.