Alliyah Evangelista-
What structures does the respiratory system (RS) consist of?
- nose
- pharynx
-larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
-lungs
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What are the three main functions of the RS?
- Provides gas exchange air and blood -- intake of O2 and elimination of CO2.
- Regulates blood pH (7.35-7.45)
- Has olfactory receptors, filters intaked (inspired) air, produces speech, and excretes small amounts of water and heat.
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The cardiovascular and respiratory system work together to supply O2 and eliminate CO2 from the tissues. Describe how they do so.
- RS exchanges gases between air and blood.
- CVS transports gases between the lungs and tissues.
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What happens if either the cardiovascular or respiratory fail?
Homeostatic disruption and rapid cell death from hypoxia and waste product build up.
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Respiration is the process of gas exchange. What are the 3 steps to it?
1. Ventilation (breathing) - inhalation and exhalation
2. External (pulmonary) respiration - gas exchange between air in the lungs and blood + excreting CO2.
3. Internal (tissue) respiration - gas exchange between blood and tissue cells.
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What area of the brain regulates ventilation?
The medulla oblongata and the pons.
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What are the 2 structural components of the RS?
1. Upper RS: nose, pharynx > (moves to)
2. Lower RS: larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Superior to inferior
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What are the 2 zones of the RS?
1. Conducting zone: structures that conduct air into the lungs (upper and lower RS).
2. Respiratory zone: area where gas exchange occurs (alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli).
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What is the bony framework of the nose made of?
The frontal, nasal and maxillary bones.
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What is the external portion of the nose made of?
- bone
- hyaline cartilage
- skin
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What does the cartilage on the nose allow it to do?
To move, gives it some flexibility.
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Label this diagram.
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Label this diagram.
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What does naris mean?
nostril
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The respiratory region of the nose contains 3 bony protrusions which have 3 groove-like passageways? What do those bony protrusions and passageways called?
Protrusions - conchae (superior, middle, inferior)
Passageways - meatus (superior, middle, inferior)
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What is the function of the nasal cavity?
- Serve as resonating chambers to modify vocal sounds
- Warms and moisturizes the cavity as air passes
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What are the facial sinuses?
- frontal
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
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What does the pharynx do?
It serves as a passageway for air and food and houses the tonsils.
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What structures does the pharynx connect?
- Connects the nose and mouth with the esophagus and trachea.
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Name and briefly describe the 3 parts of the pharynx.
- Nasopharynx: forms mouth's posterior roof, contains pharyngeal tonsils and is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
- Oropharynx: extends from soft palate to hyoid bone, lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
- Laryngopharynx: from hyoid bone to esophagus and larynx, lined with nonkeratinized squamous epithelium.
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Label this diagram.
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From the larynx what is the membrane that is used to perform a tracheostomy?
The cricotracheal membrane.
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What are the true and false vocal cords?
True - The vocal folds
False - The vestibular folds
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Vocal cord abduction relaxes the vocal cords which produces ___.
low pitched sounds
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Vocal cord adduction tightens the vocal cords which produces ___.
high pitched sounds
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The Adam's Apple is a prominence on the ___ cartilage.
thyroid
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What is the opening that allows air into the larynx?
The glottis
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Describe the different types of hypoxia.
Hypoxic hypoxia - caused by a low PO2 in arterial blood (^altitude, airway obstruction, fluid in lungs).
Anemic hypoxia - low hemoglobin in the blood (due to hemorrhage, anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning).
Stagnant hypoxia - inability of blood to carry oxygen to tissues fast enough to sustain their needs (heart failure).
Histotoxic hypoxia - O2 is being delivered to the tissues, but they are unable to use it properly.
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Label the diagram.
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What structures does the larynx connect?
It's a passageway that connects the pharynx and trachea.
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How do the vocal folds produce sounds?
Through vibrations as air enters the larynx.
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What is the trachea composed of?
- Smooth muscle: allows it to adjust the passage for efficient airflow.
- C-shaped rings: keep the airway open.
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium: the cilia sweep debris and mucus away and back to the throat to be swallowed.
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What structure of the lungs signify the end of the conducting zone?
The terminal bronchioles
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Trachea > main bronchi > lobar bronchi > segmental bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchioles
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What is the difference in the histology of the conducting zone?
From the bronchi it is made up with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium to simple cuboidal epithelium in the terminal bronchioles.
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What does pneumocyte type 1 do?
Responsible for the gas exchange within the alveoli. The cells within the alveoli are very thin and are connected with tight junctions to make diffusion easier and to prevent fluid leakage.
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What does pneumocyte type 2 do?
Secretes surfactant which lowers surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse.
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What are the 3 cells we have in the alveoli?
- Pneumocyte Type 1
- Pneumocyte Type 2
- (Alveolar) macrophages
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Ventilation and perfusion occur at the same time. True or false?
True; it is the ventilation-perfusion coupling.
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What is Boyle's Law?
It is the movement air through the pressure changes, or pressure gradient.
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What is inhalation and describe how it occurs.
It is the process of bringing air into the lungs.
1. Diaphragm contracts.
2. Alveolar pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure.
3. ^size of the thorax due to contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
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What muscles are contracting during forced inhalation?
The accessory muscles of inspiration:
- sternocleidomastoid
- scalenes
- pectoralis minor
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What is exhalation and describe how it occurs.
The process of moving air out of the lungs. When alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure.
1. Diaphragm relaxes and external intercostal muscles results in elastic recoil of the thorax.
2. This increases alveolar pressure so that air moves from the lungs to the atmosphere.
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During inhalation the diaphragm ___, and during exhalation the diaphragm ___.
Inhalation - contracts
Exhalation - relaxes
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Name some factors that may affect pulmonary ventilation.
1. Surface tension - force in the alveoli that has to be overcome to expand the lungs for inspiration (inhalation).
2. Elastic recoil - decreases the size of alveoli during exhalation.
3. Compliance - Expansion of the lungs and thoracic wall.
