202 EXAM 1

1. consists of brain and spinal cord

2. process information

3. reflexes processed in spinal cord

4. Spinal cord conducts info up and down through the cord.

1. Conducts signals

2. Cranial Nerves (12 Pairs)

3. Spinal Nerves (31 pairs) in intervertebral foramen.

1. voluntary

1. involuntary

a.) Sympathetic - exercise

b.) Parasympathetic - rest

conduct info towards CNS

conduct info AWAY from CNS

support nervous system

1. Ependymal cells- ciliated cells line the ventricles of brain and move CSF

2. Astrocytes - form blood-brain barrier

3. Microglia - phagocytes, devour foreign material in brain, dead cells injured cells.

4. Oligodendrocytes - cell web cover

1. Satellite Cells - provide physical support, stabilizing.

2. Schwann Cells - insulate nerve cell process, primarily axons, insulation is called myelin sheath. Insulation is discontinous, 10x

neuron or nerve cell bundle

group of nerve cell processes in CNS

1. Spinal Cord

a.) Ascending Tracts (sensory)

b.) Descending Tracts (motor)

2. Brain

a.) Commissural Tracts - l/r hemispheres

b.) Projection Tracts - connect cerebrum w/ inferior parts of brain + primative parts of the brain.

c.) Association Tracts - connect different lobes of the brain

These functional units are present in both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The main difference between ganglia and nuclei is that ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies in the PNS whereas nuclei are clusters of nerve cell bodies in the CNS.

network of nerves or vessels in body

a bundle of nerve fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue, or forming one of the main tracts of white matter in the spinal cord.

flow of sodium ions

1. Distribution of ions

2. Voltage differential (at equilibrium differential = 0).

These forces drive action potential.

Between each action potential the cell recovers.

1. the cell is depolarizing, Na moving into the cell. It is impossible to begin another action potential.

1. Cell is repolarizing, it is possible to begin another action potential if there is some extracellular Na and stronger than usual stimulus.

2. Na gates are closed. K gates open.

diffusion of Na+

1. AP occurs at the nodes, jumps node to node

2. Each AP stimulates the next AP.

1. simultaneously +5 from different neurons.

(can combine temporal and spatial summation)

1. summation overtime from one neuron source

1. signal travel through axons @ 100m/s

2. Synapse = junction, Synaptic cleft = physical space

1. AP reduces axon terminus.

2. Influx of Ca

3. Synaptic vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane.

4. Exocytotic release of acetylcholine

5. Acetylcholine fills the synapse.

6. Ach binds the receptors, on post synaptic membrane.

7. This binding opens chemical gates.

8. Influx of Na into 2nd cell.

9. If downstream reaches threshold, the voltage regulated gates open, and the signal is conducted to the 2nd cell.

10. As fast as Ach binds the receptors, achase breaks it down.

1. People see receptors for Ach on skeletal myo as non-self.

2. Produce anti-bodies that bind receptors, paralysis results.

Ach = most common NTS.

RMP becomes:

My Mz Ms D T

1. <---- Complexity

1. Cerebral Cortex (gray matter), nerve cell bodies (nuclei) processing centers.

2. Cerebral Medulla (white matter), nerve cells processes (tracts)

1. Frontal - movement, complex processes, decision making

2. Parietal - sensory, interpreting speech.

3. Temporal- hearing

4. Occipital - vision

5. Insula - memory, helping other lobes work together.

1. Primary Motor Area: in precentral gyrus, relatively small, simple movements

2. Pre Motor Area: anterior to primary motor area, much larger, responsible for complex movements. (Any movement requires muscles to work in synchronized fashion).

3. Primary Sensory Area: Post central gyrus, responsible for somatesthetic proprioception (temp, texture, position)

1. Visual area

2. Auditory Area

3. Olfactory Area

4. Taste Area

Association areas process what is actually sensed.

1. Frontal Association Area - consciousness, awareness, sense of self, personality, logic, raising, judgement, appropriate behavior for ones environment, right vs wrong.

groups of nerve bodies in the cerebral medulla, inhibit movement. NTS = dopamine

Limbic system - love/hate/emotions, fornix

1. Pineal 2 hormones

a.) Serotonin - stimulated by sunlight, levels are higher in daytime that at night + summer, happiness.

b.) Melatonin - inhibited by sun, levels higher at night, and winter, associated with sleep and depression.

Mamillary bodies - small, licking, sucking

Infundibulum-stalk that connect the pit gland to the hypothalamus.

1. Hypothalamus is the master gland of the endocrine system.

2. Pit gland is the 2nd in command.

3. Virtually all endocrine glands are controlled by the hypothalamus and pit gland

Hypothalamus -> Hormone1 -> Anterior Pit Gland -> Hormone2 -> End Gland -> Hormone3 -> physiological change

1. inc metabolic rate, inc heat production, inc bgl

(Adenohypophysis)

Neurohypophysis

1. Neurosecretory Cells - nuclei produce hormones.

2. Hormones travel through hollow axons to be stored in, and released from the post pit.

vascular system

1. Ant pit makes hormones

2. Post pit does NOT make hormones

1. Hypothalamus master gland

2. Pituitary gland 2nd in command

3. Hypothalamus is part of limbic system (love/hate/ emotions)

4. Both control Water, salt balance, thirst, hunger, cycles of sleeping/waking, and body temp.

1. Contains: corpora quadrigemina Cerebral Pedicles,

2. Superior colliculi - visual reflex center

3. Inferior colliculi - auditory reflex center

4. Cerebral peduncles - projection tracts

5. Cerebral aqueduct - connects 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle

Contains: cerebellum, pons + 4th ventricle

1. Cerebellum - balance, posture, equilibrium

2. Pons - balance, posture, equilibrium, eye movement, taste, two respiratory centers (inhale vs exhale)

Contains: Medulla Oblongata(brain stem)

1. Contains 1 respiratory center

2. Cough center

3. Decussation (crossing) of the pyramids

a.) Primary motor sensory = pyramidal tracts l/r cross in the medulla oblongata

b.) Pre motor area = extrapyramidal tracts l/r cross in the medualla oblongata

4. 2 Cardiac Centers

5. Vasomotor Center, introduces hemodynamics, stimulates them causing vasoconstriction.

1. Pathway of CSF: Lateral Ventricles -> Interventricular foramen (IVF) -> 3rd Ventricle -> Cerebral Aqueduct -> 4th Ventricle -> Apertures -> subarachnoid space

Choroid plexus in each ventricle, and epidermal cells, produce CSF

A. Dura Mater

1. Periosteal Dura - forms sinus (space) 1. superior sagittal sinus in longitudinal fissure

2. Meningeal Dura - transverse sinus in transverse fissure.

deep to the dura mater, 2nd layer

2. arachnoid villi absorb the CSF from the subarachnoid space into the superior sagittal sinus.

3. Transverse sinus, drained by internal jugular veins.

deep to arachnoid mater, 3rd layer

1. space between is called the subarachnoid space (CSF is here)

DAP - dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

1. removes CSF