Flashcards: Rare cancers

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a cancer of the kidneys that typically occurs in children, rarely in adults.

A pheochromocytoma (from Greek phaios "dark", chroma "color", kytos "cell", -oma "tumor") or phaeochromocytoma (PCC) is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands (originating in the chromaffin cells), or extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue that failed to involute after birth, that secretes high amounts of catecholamines, mostly norepinephrine, plus epinephrine to a lesser extent.

Penile cancer is a malignant growth found on the skin or in the tissues of the penis.

Somatostatinoma is a malignant tumor of the delta cells of the endocrine pancreas that produces somatostatin.

Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM), also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, is a type of cancer affecting B cells, a type of white blood cell.

Chondrosarcoma is a cancer composed of cells derived from transformed cells that produce cartilage.

Kaposi sarcoma (/ˈkæpəʃi sɑːrˈkoʊmə/; KS) is a tumor caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or KS agent.

A teratoma is a tumor with tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of more than one germ layer.

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid cancer in childhood and the most common cancer in infancy, with an incidence of about 650 cases per year in the U.

Alveolar soft part sarcoma, abbreviated ASPS, is a very rare type of soft-tissue sarcoma, that grows slowly and whose cell of origin is unknown.

In situ pulmonary adenocarcinoma (AIS), previously called "Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma" (BAC), is a term describing certain variants of lung cancer arising in the distal bronchioles or alveoli that initially exhibit a specific non-invasive growth pattern.

Mast cell leukemia is an extremely aggressive subtype of acute myeloid leukemia that usually occurs de novo but can, rarely, evolve from transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia into the more aggressive acute myeloid leukemia.

Ependymoma is a tumor that arises from the ependyma, a tissue of the central nervous system.

Plasma cell leukemia (PCL), a lymphoproliferative disorder, is a rare cancer involving a subtype of white blood cells called plasma cells.

Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare cancer originating in the lung or pleural cavity.

Adrenocortical carcinoma, also adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) and adrenal cortex cancer, is an aggressive cancer originating in the cortex (steroid hormone-producing tissue) of the adrenal gland.

A VIPoma (also known as Verner–Morrison syndrome, after the physicians who first described it) is a rare (1 per 10,000,000 per year) endocrine tumor, usually (about 90%) originating from non-β islet cell of the pancreas, that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).

Merkel-cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and highly aggressive skin cancer, which, in most cases, is caused by the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) discovered by scientists at the University of Pittsburgh in 2008.

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL or ATLL) is a rare cancer of the immune system's own T-cells.

Esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare form of cancer involving the nasal cavity.

Urethral cancer is cancer originating from the urethra.

Ganglioglioma is a rare, slow-growing primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor which most frequently occurs in the temporal lobes of children and young adults.

Aggressive NK-cell leukemia is a disease with an aggressive, systemic proliferation of natural killer cells (NK cells) and a rapidly declining clinical course.

Primary fallopian tube cancer (PFTC), often just tubal cancer, is a malignant neoplasm that originates from the fallopian tube.

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a rare myeloproliferative neoplasm that features a persistent neutrophilia in peripheral blood, myeloid hyperplasia in bone marrow, hepatosplenomegaly, and the absence of the Philadelphia chromosome or a BCR/ABL fusion gene.

Bartholin gland carcinoma is an uncommon type of malignancy in the Bartholin gland that accounts for 1% of all vulvar malignant neoplasms.

Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, abbreviated EMCa, is a rare malignant tumour that typically arises in a salivary gland and consists of both an epithelial and myoepithelial component.

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (eHAE) is a rare tumor, first characterized by Sharon Weiss and Franz Enzinger that both clinically and histologically is intermediate between angiosarcoma and hemangioma.

Hemangiosarcoma is a rapidly growing, highly invasive variety of cancer, occurring almost exclusively in dogs and rarely in cats.

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FHCC) is a rare form of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that typically affects young adults and is characterized, under the microscope, by laminated fibrous layers interspersed between the tumour cells.

Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a rare tumor usually diagnosed in childhood.

Sarcoma botryoides or botryoid sarcoma or botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma is a subtype of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, that can be observed in the walls of hollow, mucosa lined structures such as the nasopharynx, common bile duct, urinary bladder of infants and young children or the vagina in females, typically younger than age 8.

Myelofibrosis, also known as osteomyelofibrosis, is a relatively rare bone marrow cancer.

Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a type of tumor known as a teratoma that develops at the base of the coccyx (tailbone) and is thought to be derived from the primitive streak.

An acanthoma is a skin neoplasm composed of squamous or epidermal cells.

Hypopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant cells grow in the hypopharynx (the area where the larynx and esophagus meet).

Cronkhite–Canada syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by multiple polyps of the digestive tract.

Thymoma is a tumor originating from the epithelial cells of the thymus.

Leiomyosarcoma (Gr. "smooth muscle connective tissue tumor"), also referred to as LMS, is a malignant (cancerous) smooth muscle tumor.

Angiosarcoma is a cancer of the cells that line the walls of blood vessels or lymphatic vessels.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a very rare tumor.

Heart cancer is an extremely rare form of cancer that is divided into primary tumors of the heart and secondary tumors of the heart.

Adamantinoma (from the Greek word adamantinos, meaning "very hard") is a rare bone cancer, making up less than 1% of all bone cancers.

Endodermal sinus tumor (EST), also known as yolk sac tumor (YST), is a member of the germ cell tumor group of cancers.

A germinoma is a type of germ cell tumor, which is not differentiated upon examination.

Leydig cell tumour, also Leydig cell tumor (US spelling), (testicular) interstitial cell tumour and (testicular) interstitial cell tumor (US spelling), is a member of the sex cord-stromal tumour group of ovarian and testicular cancers.

A Sertoli cell tumour, also Sertoli cell tumor (US spelling), is a sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor of a Sertoli cells.

Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) (also known as Bellini duct carcinoma), is a type of kidney cancer that originates in the papillary duct of the kidney.

Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma is a rare and generally incurable form of lymphoma.

Male breast cancer (male breast neoplasm) is a rare cancer in males that originates from the breast.

A malignant acrospiroma (also known as hidradenocarcinoma, and "Spiradenocarcinoma") is a sweat gland carcinoma of the hand, which may recur locally in 50% of patients after excision, with distant metastases occurring in 60% of patients.

Malignant rhabdoid tumour (MRT) is a very aggressive form of tumour originally described as a variant of Wilms' tumour, which is primarily a kidney tumour that occurs mainly in children.

NUT carcinoma (formerly NUT midline carcinoma), is a rare genetically defined, very aggressive squamous cell epithelial cancer that usually arises in the midline of the body and is characterized by a chromosomal rearrangement in the nuclear protein in testis gene.

Clear-cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) of the vagina (or cervix) is a rare Adenocarcinoma (cancer) often linked to diethylstilbestrol (DES), a drug which was prescribed in the mistaken belief that it prevented miscarriage and ensured a healthy pregnancy.

Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor is an aggressive and rare cancer that primarily occurs as masses in the abdomen.

Howel–Evans syndrome is an extremely rare condition involving thickening of the skin in the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet (hyperkeratosis).

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma, abbreviated HCCC, is a rare malignant salivary gland tumour, with a good prognosis, that is usually found on the tongue or palate.

Gliosarcoma is a rare type of glioma, a cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, brain cells, as opposed to the neural brain cells.

Granulosa cell tumours (or granulosa-theca cell tumours) are tumours that arise from granulosa cells.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) is a malignant (cancerous) neural crest tumor.