Flashcards: Pediatrics

Infant mortality refers to deaths of young children, typically those less than one year of age.

Kawasaki disease is a disease in which blood vessels throughout the body become inflamed.

Menarche (/mᵻˈnɑːrkiː/ mə-NAR-kee; Greek: μήν mēn "month" + ἀρχή arkhē "beginning") is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female humans.

Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a type of inflammation of the skin (dermatitis).

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), is the most common form of arthritis in children and adolescents.

Otitis externa, also known as swimmer's ear, is an inflammation of the ear canal.

Reye syndrome is a rapidly progressive encephalopathy.

Baby colic, also known as infantile colic, is defined as episodes of crying for more than three hours a day, for more than three days a week, for three weeks in an otherwise healthy child.

Impetigo is a bacterial infection that involves the superficial skin.

Rheumatic fever (RF), also known as acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is an inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain.

Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, or because of resorption of calcium.

Dubin–Johnson syndrome (DJS) is a rare, autosomal recessive, benign disorder that causes an isolated increase of conjugated bilirubin in the serum.

A foreign body or sometimes known as FB (Latin: corpus alienum) is any object originating outside the body.

A rhabdomyoma is a benign tumor of striated muscle.

Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea, is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that involves the stomach and small intestine.

Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain.

Inborn errors of metabolism form a large class of genetic diseases involving congenital disorders of metabolism.

Pertussis (also known as whooping cough or 100-day cough) is a highly contagious bacterial disease.

Stillbirth is typically defined as fetal death at or after 20 to 28 weeks of pregnancy.

Alagille syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that affects the liver, heart, kidney, and other systems of the body.

Alexander disease, also known as fibrinoid leukodystrophy, is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease.

Bartter syndrome is a rare inherited defect in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from mutations of genes for enzymes mediating the biochemical steps of production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids or sex steroids from cholesterol by the adrenal glands (steroidogenesis).

Crigler–Najjar syndrome or CNS is a rare inherited disorder affecting the metabolism of bilirubin, a chemical formed from the breakdown of the heme in red blood cells.

Nocturnal enuresis, also called bedwetting, is involuntary urination while asleep after the age at which bladder control usually occurs.

Labial fusion is a medical condition of the female genital anatomy where the labia minora become fused together.

A fontanelle (or fontanel) (colloquially, soft spot) is an anatomical feature of the infant human skull comprising any of the soft membranous gaps (sutures) between the cranial bones that make up the calvaria of a fetus or an infant.

A pentavalent vaccine is a combined vaccine with five individual vaccines conjugated into one, intended to actively protect people from 5 potentially deadly diseases.

Gilbert's syndrome (GS) is a common genetic liver disorder found in 3-12% of the population.

A vertically transmitted infection (or mother-to-child transmission) is an infection caused by bacteria, viruses, or in rare cases, parasites transmitted directly from the mother to an embryo, fetus, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth.

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a cancer of the kidneys that typically occurs in children, rarely in adults.

Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis or periodic fever aphthous pharyngitis and cervical adenopathy (PFAPA) syndrome is a medical condition, typically starting in young children, in which high fever occurs periodically at intervals of about 3–5 weeks, frequently accompanied by aphthous-like ulcers, pharyngitis and/or cervical adenitis (cervical lymphadenopathy).

Pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) is a condition that mimics hypoaldosteronism.

Systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (also known as systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA)) is a type of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) with extra-articular manifestations like fever and rash apart from arthritis.

Tricuspid atresia is a form of congenital heart disease whereby there is a complete absence of the tricuspid valve.

Acrodynia is a condition of pain and dusky pink discoloration in the hands and feet most often seen in children chronically exposed to heavy metals, especially mercury.

Dubowitz syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by microcephaly, growth retardation and a characteristic facial appearance (small, round, triangular shaped with a pointed, receding chin, a broad, wide-tipped nose, and wide-set eyes with drooping eyelids).

Blount's disease is a growth disorder of the tibia (shin bone) that causes the lower leg to angle inward, resembling a bowleg.

Griscelli syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by albinism (hypopigmentation) with immunodeficiency, that usually causes death by early childhood.

Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a rare neurological disorder of uncertain etiology, though growing evidence strongly supports mutation of the ATP1A3 gene as the primary cause of this disease.

Pediatric trauma refers to a traumatic injury that happens to an infant, child or adolescent.

Erythema infectiosum or fifth disease is one of several possible manifestations of infection by parvovirus B19.

Chédiak–Higashi syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that arises from a mutation of a lysosomal trafficking regulator protein, which leads to a decrease in phagocytosis.

A germinoma is a type of germ cell tumor, which is not differentiated upon examination.

Hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia (HSH) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder affecting intestinal magnesium absorption.

Blue baby syndrome refers to at least two situations that lead to cyanosis in infants: cyanotic heart disease and methemoglobinemia.

A febrile seizure, also known as a fever fit or febrile convulsion, is a seizure associated with a high body temperature but without any serious underlying health issue.

Transient synovitis of the hip (also called toxic synovitis; see below for more synonyms) is a self-limiting condition in which there is an inflammation of the inner lining (the synovium) of the capsule of the hip joint.

Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome (HIES), of which the autosomal dominant form is called Job's syndrome or Buckley syndrome, is a heterogeneous group of immune disorders.

Infantile Refsum disease (IRD), also called infantile phytanic acid storage disease, is a rare autosomal recessive congenital peroxisomal biogenesis disorder within the Zellweger spectrum.

Tuberculous dactylitis is a skeletal manifestation of tuberculosis.

McCune–Albright syndrome is a complex genetic disorder affecting the bone, skin, and endocrine systems.

Berdon syndrome, also called Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIH syndrome), is an autosomal recessive fatal genetic disorder affecting newborns.

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) also called byler's disease, refers to a group of familial cholestatic conditions caused by defects in biliary epithelial transporters.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) is a malignant (cancerous) neural crest tumor.

Cognitive deficit or cognitive impairment is an inclusive term to describe any characteristic that acts as a barrier to the cognition process.

Puberty is described as delayed puberty with exceptions when an organism has passed the usual age of onset of puberty with no physical or hormonal signs that it is beginning.

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IMM) of presumed autoimmune dysfunction resulting in muscle weakness among other complications.

Idiopathic short stature (ISS) refers to extreme short stature that does not have a diagnostic explanation (idiopathic designates a condition that is unexplained or not understood) after an ordinary growth evaluation.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell1) is the third most common cause of severe hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) after Rh disease and ABO incompatibility.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Rhc) can range from a mild to a severe disease.

Craniotabes is softening or thinning of the skull in infants and children, which may be normally present in newborns.

Rho(D) immune globulin or Rh0(D) immune globulin (letter o and digit zero are both widely attested; more at Rh blood group system - Rh nomenclature) is a medicine given by intramuscular injection that is used to prevent the immunological condition known as Rh disease (or hemolytic disease of newborn).

Dopamine-responsive dystonia (DRD), also known as hereditary progressive dystonia with diurnal fluctuation, Segawa's disease, or Segawa's dystonia, is a genetic movement disorder which usually manifests itself during early childhood at around ages 5–8 years (variable start age).

Posterior urethral valve (PUV) disorder is an obstructive developmental anomaly in the urethra and genitourinary system of male newborns.

Premature thelarche is a rare medical condition that is characterized by isolated breast development (thelarche being the onset of breast development) at a very early age with no other signs of sexual maturation.

Apparent life-threatening events (ALTE), also known as a brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE) is when a baby for less than a minute has one or more of bluish skin, poor breathing, weakness, or poor responsiveness.