Pathophysiology Lecture 1 Test and Flashcards

Cellular Functions

Movement Conductivity Metabolic absorption Secretion Excretion Respiration Reproduction Communication

Nucleus

"brain of the cell" contains chromosomes made up of double helix wrapped DNA. It is where information is stored for making proteins which are the basis of life

Ribosomes

Cytoplasmic organelle that site of the cell where messenger RNA and transport are RNA are bound and made into proteins

Endoplastmic reticulum

Cytoplasmic organelle that contains ribosomes. The rough ER is where ribosomes are found

Golgi Complex

Packages made protein and sends it off to other cells

lysosomes

membrane bound cell organelle that contains enzymes and digest other proteins like bacterias and viruses

Peroxisomes

membrane bound organelles that contain enzymes that oxidate chemicals, materials, or proteins they come in contact with

Mitochondria

Membrane bound organelle that is the power house of the cell. ATP is made here which is energy

Plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer that allows fat soluble materials to readily pass through. It has protein channels that allow certain ions and materials to cross through alongside receptors that allow chemicals to attath to it and act as a second messenger within the cell.

Cell membrane

Provides boundaries, controls traffic, and is semi-permeanble and packaging material and sending it away through exocytosis or recieving it through endocytosis

Diffusion

movement of material down its concentration gradient from a place of high concentration to low concentration. Urea and ethanol cross , water sometimes, charged ions such as sodium potassium and bicarbonate dont cross. Large charge and uncharged molecules don't cross

osmosis

movement of water down its concentration gradient. From Higher concentration of water where solute is less dilute, to where there is less water.

Active transport

Atp fueled action to get ions into cell. Sodium potassium pump is a common example.

Cell communication

cells release a signaling molecule that attaches to a receptor and attaches to a cell nearby

Neurotransmitter

Presynaptic release transmitter that attaches to a postsynaptic cell

Gap Junctions

Signaling continues form propagated action from the previous cell

Chemotaxis

cells being attracted to a site by a given chemical. Neutrophils are attracted to sites of infection because they are the primary white blood cell so they help treat it.

Cellular Metabolism

primarily production of ATP and mitochondria in the presence of oxygen. Absence of oxygen means less ATP

Sodium Potassium ATPase

Energy dependent pump in the plasma membrane that pushes sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. If there is a low state of oxygen less ATP is produced so sodium collects inside the cell. Water and sodium go hand in hand so as sodium collects so does water leading to cell swelling. Called intracellular edema.

Cell Cycle

In eukaryotes, the cell cycle consists of four discrete phases: G1, S, G2, and M. The S or synthesis phase is when DNA replication occurs, and the M or mitosis phase is when the cell actually divides. The other two phases — G1 and G2, the so-called gap phases — are less dramatic but equally important. During G1, the cell conducts a series of checks before entering the S phase. Later, during G2, the cell similarly checks its readiness to proceed to mitosis.

Phagocytosis

Neutrophils coming in and engulfing a foreign body and destroying it

Macrophage

Travel throughouth the body between cells eliminating unwanted cell bodies

Apoptosis

programmed cell death that occurs after a number of replications or activities within the cell

Epithelial cells

Epithelial cells are a type of cell that lines the surfaces of your body. Microvilli.

Neurons

Dendrites that receive messages. The cell body is in control of the neuron and the axon carries messages to the next cell.

Myelin Sheath

Cover of sorth providing insulation to a neuron to decrease resistance to current flow. It increases the speed of transmission

Myoctes

Muscle cells

Connective tissue

Elastin, collagen, osteoblasts. They provide structure.

Adipocytes

fat cells, children will create more fat cells while adults fat cells will increase in size.

Germ Cells

Egg and sperm Cells

Atrophy

Shrinking of cells. Could be pathological or from disuse. When many cells shrink entire organs shrink.

Hypertrophy

Cells grow larger than normal. This is related in cellular components not fluid

Hyperplasia

Increase in the number of cells. It could be compensatory or hormonal.

Metaplasia

Increase in the number of cell and some disorganization

dysplasia

Significant disorganizaiton of cells. It doesn't indicate cancer but it could progress there.

Hypoxia

Intracellular collection of sodium and water.

Ischemia

decrease or reduced blood supply leading to blood flow obstruction

Perfusion pressure

Perfusion pressure is defined as MAP minus central venous pressure (CVP) or MAP minus intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). perfusion pressure of any vascular bloodd is mean blood pressure minus resistance to blood flow. So cerebral perfusion pressure is Mean Systemic BP-InterCranial P (or Central Venous P)

coronary perfusion

Heart muscle only gets blood only during diastole when the ventricles contract aortic valve opens and the two leaflets as they open cover the openings of coronary arteries. until going into diastole its diastolic pressure that perfuses coronary arteries

Anoxia

Total lack of oxygen someone isn't breathing or a large blood clot like pulmonary embolus

Reactive oxygen species

Oxidants and intracellular peroxide

Physical agents causing cellular injury

temperature, radiation, illumination, noise, toxic chemicals

Necrosis

gangrene. Death of cells due to a lack of blood flow being cut off. Example: blood flow is cut off to the toes so they eventually die.

Reperfusion injury

When tissue has limited or blocked blood supply and blood begins to go through it again this causes oxidative stress. This causes further membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload. Expected when perfusion is reestablished.

Cellular hypoxia

Disease and disorders linked to oxygen-derived free readicals. Atherosclerosis, dementian, cancer, diabetes, infalmatory disorders, emphysema. Diets with fruits and vegetables with lots of antioxidants help prevent oxidative stress

Antioxidants

React with oxidants and eliminate free radicals in the body. Vitamin C and Vitamin E are classics.

Poisoning/oxidative stress

adults who consume 4000mg of acetaminiophen a day in combination with ethanol exceeds the ability of the liver to buffer it.

Hemochromatosis

abnormal accumulation of heme molecule in the body especially the liver, heart, and pancreas.

Accumulations

Accumulating too much, fat, glycogen, proteins, pigments, calcium, and uric acid can lead to problems

Systemic manifestations of cellular injury

fever increased heart rate increase in leukocytes pain presence of cellular enzymes lactate levels aging

Aging and cellular injury

Telomere length shortens on the ends of chromosomes. Every time a cell reproduces it chops a little off until it is unable to reproduce. Additionally oxidative stress and stress in general leads to aging. Hormone loss also leads to aging.

Renal funciton and age

decreases due to a smaller number of cells in the kidney 40% of kidney mass is loss by age 80. Glomeruli decreases and renal blood flow decreases.

CALERIE Study

comprehensive assessment of longterm effective decrease of intake of energy. Eat less. After 1 year lower fasting blood glucose, low body temperatur, low body weight, low body fat Better functioning mitochondria and reduced DNA damage Could be due to a brain derived neurotrophic factor

Reservatrol

Found in grapes, wine and nuts. Increases of SIRT1 pathway sirtuin. prevents agea and obesity related decline in heart function.

Gene locuses

specific physical location of a gene on a chromosome. First number is chromsome, first letter is leg, second number is location

Telomeres

seal the end of chromosomes. Gets shorter with every reproduction of the cell

Transcription DNA > mRNA

mRNA goes to ribosomes so a protein can be made in ribsomes, packaged by the golgi apparatus and sent into the body

Genotype

inherited information encoded in the DNA

Phenotype

observable expression of the genotype

Transmission of genetic disease

chromsomal abnormalities sinclude nucleotide polymorphisms multifactorial inheritance

Penetrance

percent of those with a specific genotype that also exhibit the phenotype

Cytogenetics

Chromsomal disorders. Trisomy.

Pedigree or genogram

family history

Maternal screening for genetic diseases

chorionic villus sampling amniocentesis percutaneious umbilical cord blood sampling

Cystic Fibrosis

involves sodium movement one sit of mutation in large molecule that spans plasma membrane 1500 named mutations in CF gene 5T allele (UNC, 1997) found in 10% of population increased risk of chronic lung and sinus infections and male infertility 70% who have clinical CF have a deletion mutation out of a quarter million base pairs three are missing results in omitting 1 of 1480 amino acids

Sickle Cell Disease

found amongst people who’s ancestors grew up along equator and from central africa evolutionary advantage in Africa. Prevents malaria HbSS and HbSC (S is abnormal) sickling crisis can be caused by trauma stress infection leads to clumping of sickle shaped cells in small blood vessels leading to ischemia and significant pain sickle cells die early promising treatments coming to bear

Marfan Syndrome

very tall long fingers long feet Abe Lincoln might have had it 1 in 10000 75% have an affected parent, 25% are r/t sporadic mutation Muation in gene that codes for fibrillar, major building block of microfibrils structural component of aorta, heart valves, airways, dura matter, etc. Seen with aneurysms throughout body in routinely for surgery

Phenylketonuria

affects 1 in 10000 caucasians in US highest percent of people with it are from turkey lowest are from finland and turkey highest group is Roma inability to process certain kinds of food phenylalanine aspartame all infants tested People who have this and are fed phenylalanine develop sever neurologic problems

Tay Sachs disease

deafness blindness decreased muscle tone seizures increased startle response paralysis or loss of muscle function delayed mental and social development problem of lysosomal storage disease prevalent among Ashkenzai Jews 1 in 30 Ganglioside accumulates causing progressive destruction of neurons and brain cells child looks normal until six months old death occurs by 3 years old

Trisomy 21 - Down Syndrome

lots of characteristics broad face slanted eyes short broad hands slanted fingers growth failure mental retardation varies dramatically congenital heart disease Multiple organ system problems developmental issues vary 80% have IQ in 25-50 range 20% have normal or near normal IQ can be independent Congenital heart defects are common Esophageal and intestinal complications are also common

Huntington's disease

adult ones, autosomal dominant disorder with degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia and cortex movement and cognition Onset 35-44 years death 51 to 57 years May not know they have it until they have children Children have a 50% chance of getting it Due to reapeats of CAG codon, repeats increase with each generation symptomatic with 36 or more repeats

Hypertension and Heart Failure

variation in allele on chromosome 17 that codes for angiotensin converting enzyme can either have inclusion or deletion allele get one copy from each chromosome don’t have an autosomal dominant effect I/I allele has low level of angiotensin converting enzyme if they have less enzyme to begin with inhibiting it won’t have an effect those who have I/I or I/D live longer if they have heart failure

Sudden Cardiac Death

five different genes with long QT syndrome genes for sodium and potassium channels Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia people were sent home with this in the 70s and put on medications only to die because the medications in the long term played into the genetic differences they had Host of variations for sudden cardiac death 11, 21, 7, 21 again, 3 chromosomes

Oncogenesis

development and predisposition to breast, ovarian, colon, and prostate cancer

Progeny

a descendant or offspring

Chromosomes

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Gene

Basic units of heredity. a specific arrangement of nucleotide bases, which carry a code for constructing proteins.

allele

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

homozygous

having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes.

heterozygous

having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes.

genotype

the genetic constitution of an individual organism.

karyotype

a picture of the chromosomes that are contained within the DNA of a species. contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

phenotype

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

translocation

In genetics, a phenomenon that results in unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. This includes balanced and unbalanced.

single nucleotide poly-morphisms (SNP)

These are changes in one nucleotide of a gene sequence.

Flashcards: Pathophysiology Lecture 1