What is pain?
A discomfort caused by stimulation of pain receptors.
How can inflammation cause pain?
When a site is inflamed it might stretch, which will put pressure on the nociceptors, stimulating pain in the area.
What is somatic pain?
Pain that can originate from anywhere; be it from the skin (cutaneous) or from bone or muscle (deeper structures). Ex. a laceration on your hand, headaches.
What is visceral pain?
Pain that originates in the organs and is conducted by sympathetic nerve fibers. Ex. IBS, cystitis, and endometriosis.
Nociceptors are ___ that are present in most tissues.
Nociceptors are free nerve endings that are present in most tissues.
Give some examples of how nociceptors can be stimulated.
- Temperature extremes
- Chemicals (bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandin)
- Mechanical/physical (pressure)
The reflex response is an ___.
efferent reflex (moves the limb away from the stimuli).
The spinothalamic bundle in the spinal cord is responsible for:
- the transmission of pain
- temperature
- and crude touch to the thalamus
What does the somatic sensory area in the cerebral cortex do regarding pain?
Perceives and localizes the sensation.
The hypothalamus and limbic system ___.
contribute to the emotional factor of pain.
The Reticulating Activating System (RAS) is made of the ___ and influences our ___ of the incoming pain sensations.
The Reticulating Activating System (RAS) is made of the pons and medulla and influences our awareness of the incoming pain sensations.
What is the pain threshold?
The level of pain needed to activate the nerve ending for us to perceive the pain.
What is pain tolerance?
The ability to withstand pain, either its intensity or duration before an individual acts on it.
Describe the gate-control theory.
There are gates at nerve synapses in the spinal cord which dictate our awareness and sense of pain. If the gates are open the pain impulses travel up to the brain and are perceived. If they are closed, then the feeling of pain may be reduced or not felt at all.
What is referred pain?
Pain that is felt distant from the actual source. Ex. MI, but the pain is felt in the jaw or the shoulders instead of the chest.
Predict several factors that could reduce pain tolerance and make pain more severe.
- Fatigue/stress
- Low/decreased endorphins- Anxiety (increases awareness to pain)
- Temperament
Acute pain may be ___.
localized or generalized.
Chronic pain is ___.
generalized
What is central and neurophathic pain?
Central:
- Dysfunction/damage to the brain or spinal cord.
Neuropathic:
- Trauma or disease of the peripheral nerves.
Generalized and referred pains are characteristics of ___ pain and damage.
Generalized and referred pains are characteristics of visceral pain and damage.
What causes a migraine?
Abnormal blood flow and metabolism in the brain.
What causes intracranial headaches?
- Increased pressure in the skull
- Edema
- Tumors
- Hemorrhages
What is ischemic pain?
Pain from a profound, sudden loss of blood flow to an organ or tissue.
What is the most common method of managing pain?
Through analgesics (pain relievers).
How is moderate and severe pain relieved by?
Moderate pain - codeine, sometimes a combination with Tylenol or Aspirin.
Severe pain - morphine, hydromorphone and other narcotics.