aging, environmental toxins/toxic substances, antipsychotics, VMAT inhibitors
What are the suspected causes of PD? (4)
caucasian/hispanic males
Who is Parkinson's most common in?
rasagiline
How is a patient with no significant impairment treated?
consider anticholinergic or carbidopa/levodopa
How do we treat a patient who is less than 65 yo with a tremor? (2)
carbidopa/levodopa
How do we treat a patient who is >=65 yo with a tremor or bradykinesia/rigidity?
dopamine agonist or carbidopa/levodopa
How is a patient who is less than 65 with bradykinesia/rigidity treated? (2)
dopamine agonist; physical therapy
How do we treat a patient who is less than 65 and has postural
instability/gait impairment? (2)
carbidopa/levodopa; physical therapy
How is a patient >=65 yo and has postural instability/gait impairment treated? (2)
b
Which is considered the Gold Standard for assessing PD disease
progression/ treatment response?
a) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
b) Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)
c) Modified Hoehn & Yahr Scale
c
Which is a 5-stage clinician-rated scale?
a) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
b) Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)
c) Modified Hoehn & Yahr Scale
a
Which is an assessment of cognitive abilities?
a) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
b) Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)
c) Modified Hoehn & Yahr Scale
c
Which is an additive to Sinemet and used to treat off periods?
a) carbidopa/levodopa
b) MOB-inhibitors
c) Adenosine A2A antagonist
d) Apomorphine
e) dopamine agonist
a
Which is the first choice for managing motor symptoms?
a) carbidopa/levodopa
b) MOB-inhibitors
c) Adenosine A2A antagonist
d) Apomorphine
e) dopamine agonist
b,e
Which can be used as a monotherapy in the treatment of early PD with
minor motor symptoms?
a) carbidopa/levodopa
b) MOB-inhibitors
c) Adenosine A2A antagonist
d) Apomorphine
e) dopamine agonist
d
Which is used for severe freezing episodes?
a) carbidopa/levodopa
b) MOB-inhibitors
c) Adenosine A2A antagonist
d) Apomorphine
e) dopamine agonist
c
Which medications can NEVER be used as monotherapies?
a) anticholinergics
b) amantadine
c) COMT inhibitors
b
Which improves "on-time" effects?
a) carbidopa/levodopa
b) MOB-inhibitors
c) Adenosine A2A antagonist
d) Apomorphine
e) dopamine agonist
b
Which is used to treat dyskinesia associated with Sinemet use?
a) anticholinergics
b) amantadine
c) COMT inhibitors
a
Which is primarily used to treat tremors?
a) anticholinergics
b) amantadine
c) COMT inhibitors
a,b
Which are used in patients in patients less than 65?
a) anticholinergics
b) amantadine
c) COMT inhibitors
postural instability, gait difficulties, older age
Which patients tend to have a poorer prognosis, which symptoms? (3)
slower; benign
Patients who primarily suffer from tremor will have a ______ progression and more ________ course.