Flashcards: Oncology

Metaplasia (Greek: "change in form") is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type.

Stereotactic surgery or stereotaxy is a minimally invasive form of surgical intervention which makes use of a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate small targets inside the body and to perform on them some action such as ablation, biopsy, lesion, injection, stimulation, implantation, radiosurgery (SRS), etc.

Sulforaphane is a compound within the isothiocyanate group of organosulfur compounds.

Carcinoma in situ (CIS), also known as in situ neoplasm, is a group of abnormal cells.

In medicine, a stent is a metal or plastic tube inserted into the lumen of an anatomic vessel or duct to keep the passageway open, and stenting is the placement of a stent.

The linear no-threshold model (LNT) is a model used in radiation protection to quantify radiation exposure and set regulatory limits.

Anti-NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate) receptor encephalitis, also termed NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis, is an acute form of encephalitis that is potentially lethal but has a high probability for recovery with treatment.

A dermoid cyst is a teratoma of a cystic nature that contains an array of developmentally mature, solid tissues.

Nasopharynx cancer or nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common cancer originating in the nasopharynx, the uppermost region of the pharynx ("throat"), behind the nose where the nasal passages and auditory tubes join the remainder of the upper respiratory tract.

Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels.

World Cancer Day is an international day marked on February 4 to raise awareness of cancer and to encourage its prevention, detection, and treatment.

Psycho-oncology is a field of interdisciplinary study and practice at the intersection of lifestyle, psychology and oncology.

Lymphangiomas are malformations of the lymphatic system characterized by lesions that are thin-walled cysts; these cysts can be macroscopic, as in a cystic hygroma, or microscopic.

Metastasis is the spread of a cancer or other disease from one organ or part of the body to another without being directly connected with it.

In genetics, genotoxicity describes the property of chemical agents that damages the genetic information within a cell causing mutations, which may lead to cancer.

A teratoma is a tumor with tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of more than one germ layer.

Chordoma is a rare slow-growing neoplasm thought to arise from cellular remnants of the notochord.

A tumor marker is a biomarker found in blood, urine, or body tissues that can be elevated by the presence of one or more types of cancer.

A sebaceous adenoma, a type of adenoma, a cutaneous condition characterized by a slow-growing tumor usually presenting as a pink, flesh-coloured, or yellow papule or nodule.

Ameloblastoma (from the early English word amel, meaning enamel + the Greek word blastos, meaning germ) is a rare, benign tumor of odontogenic epithelium (ameloblasts, or outside portion, of the teeth during development) much more commonly appearing in the lower jaw than the upper jaw.

Orbital lymphoma is a common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs near or on the eye.

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (also called phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases, PI 3-kinases, PI(3)Ks, PI-3Ks or by the HUGO official stem symbol for the gene family, PI3K(s)) are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival and intracellular trafficking, which in turn are involved in cancer.

Malignant transformation is the process by which cells acquire the properties of cancer.

M1G (pyrimido[1,2-a]purin-10(3H)-one) is a heterocyclic compound which is a by-product of base excision repair (BER) of a specific type of DNA adduct called M1dG.

Neoplasm is an abnormal growth of tissue, and, when it also forms a mass, is commonly referred to as a tumor.

The Warburg hypothesis (/ˈvɑːrbʊərɡ/), sometimes known as the Warburg theory of cancer, postulates that the driver of tumorigenesis is an insufficient cellular respiration caused by insult to mitochondria.

Indole-3-carbinol (C9H9NO) is produced by the breakdown of the glucosinolate glucobrassicin, which can be found at relatively high levels in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, collard greens and kale.

Length time bias is a form of selection bias, a statistical distortion of results that can lead to incorrect conclusions about the data.

A precancerous condition or premalignant condition, sometimes called a potentially precancerous condition or potentially premalignant condition, is a state of disordered morphology of cells that is associated with an increased risk of cancer.

Pain in cancer may come from compressing or infiltrating nearby body parts; from treatments and diagnostic procedures; or from skin, nerve and other changes caused by a hormone imbalance or immune response.

Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema (also known as palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia, or hand-foot syndrome) is reddening, swelling, numbness and desquamation (skin sloughing or peeling) on palms of the hands and soles of the feet (and, occasionally, on the knees, elbows, and elsewhere) that can occur after chemotherapy in patients with cancer.

Binucleated cells are cells that contain two nuclei.

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a group of metabolic abnormalities that can occur as a complication during the treatment of cancer, most commonly after the treatment of lymphomas and leukemias.

Invasive urothelial carcinoma is a type of Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC, also urothelial cell carcinoma or UCC) and is a type of cancer that develops in the urinary system: the kidney, urinary bladder, and accessory organs.

In medicine, Meigs' syndrome, also Meigs syndrome or Demons-Meigs syndrome, is the triad of ascites, pleural effusion, and benign ovarian tumor (fibroma, fibrothecoma, Brenner tumour, and occasionally granulosa cell tumour).

Mitomycin C is a mitomycin that is used as a chemotherapeutic agent by virtue of its antitumour activity.

Mouse avatars, or avatar mice, refers to an experimental method employed to identify the best chemotherapeutic choice for a particular cancer patient.

Spinal cord compression develops when the spinal cord is compressed by bone fragments from a vertebral fracture, a tumor, abscess, ruptured intervertebral disc or other lesion.