Flashcards: Mycotoxins

Agaritine (AGT) is an aromatic, antiviral, hydrazine-derivative mycotoxin and IARC Group 3 carcinogen that occurs in mushroom species of the genus Agaricus.

Trichodermin is a trichothecene.

alpha-Amanitin or α-amanitin is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids.

Psilocybin (/ˌsɪləˈsaɪbɪn/ SIL-ə-SY-bin) is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound produced by more than 200 species of mushrooms, collectively known as psilocybin mushrooms.

Aflatoxins are poisonous and cancer-causing chemicals that are produced by certain molds (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) which grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains.

Muscarine, L-(+)-muscarine, or muscarin is a natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe and Clitocybe species, such as the deadly C.

Psilocin (also known as 4-HO-DMT, psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin) is a substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic substance.

Ibotenic acid or (S)-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxyisoxazol-5-yl) acetic acid, also referred to as ibotenate, is a chemical compound and psychoactive drug which occurs naturally in Amanita muscaria and related species of mushrooms typically found in the temperate and boreal regions of the northern hemisphere.

Muscimol (also known as agarin or pantherine) is the principal psychoactive constituent of Amanita muscaria and related species of mushroom.

Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) is a volatile hydrazine chemical with the chemical formula CH3 (NH)NH2.

Phalloidin belongs to a class of toxins called phallotoxins, which are found in the death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides).

Mushroom poisoning (also known as mycetism or mycetismus) refers to harmful effects from ingestion of toxic substances present in a mushroom.

Coprine is a mycotoxin.

Orellanine or orellanin is a mycotoxin found in a group of mushrooms known as the Orellani of the Cortinariaceae family.

T-2 is a trichothecene mycotoxin.

A mycotoxin (from Greek μύκης (mykes, mukos) "fungus" and τοξικόν (toxikon) "poison") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom, commonly known as molds.

Slaframine is an indolizidine alkaloidal mycotoxin that generally causes salivation (slobbers) in most animals.

Aeruginascin or N,N,N-trimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine is an indoleamine derivative which occurs naturally only within the mushroom Inocybe aeruginascens.

Penicillic acid is a mycotoxin that is produced by Penicillium roqueforti mold.

Moniliformin is an unusual mycotoxin, a feed contaminant that is lethal to fowl, especially ducklings.

Birnbaumins are a pair of alkaloids and toxic yellow pigment compounds first isolated from the flowerpot parasol mushroom.

Aristolochene is a bicyclic sesquiterpene produced by certain fungi including the cheese mold Penicillium roqueforti.

Aflatoxin B1 is an aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A.

Asperlicin is a mycotoxin, derived from the fungus Aspergillus alliaceus.

Fumonisin B2 is a fumonisin mycotoxin produced by the fungi Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium moniliforme.

4-HO-MiPT (miprocin, 4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine) is a synthetic substituted aromatic compound and a lesser-known psychedelic tryptamine.

Myrotoxin B is a macrocyclic trichothecene first isolated in 1985.

Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin produced by certain species of Aspergillus.

O-Acetylpsilocin (also known as psilacetin, 4-acetoxy-DMT, or 4-AcO-DMT) is a synthetically produced psychoactive drug and has been suggested by David Nichols to be a potentially useful alternative to psilocybin for pharmacological studies, as they are both believed to be prodrugs of psilocin.

Satratoxin-H, a trichothecene mycotoxin, is a naturally occurring mold byproduct of Stachybotrys chartarum which is toxic to humans and animals.

Alternariol is a toxic metabolite of Alternaria fungi.

Gliotoxin is a sulfur-containing mycotoxin that belongs to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines produced by several species of fungi, especially those of marine origin.

Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of molds, in particular, Aspergillus and Penicillium and Byssochlamys.

Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a toxic fungal secondary metabolite.

Cyclochlorotine (CC) is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Penicillium islandicum that causes liver damage and has carcinogenic properties.

Cycloprop-2-ene carboxylic acid is a mycotoxin found in some mushrooms such as Russula subnigricans and Tricholoma equestre.

Cytochalasin E, a member of the cytochalasin group, is an inhibitor of actin polymerization in blood platelets.

Cytochalasin D is a member of the class of mycotoxins known as cytochalasins.

Cytochalasin B, the name of which comes from the Greek cytos (cell) and chalasis (relaxation), is a cell-permeable mycotoxin.

Verruculogen is a mycotoxin produced by certain strains of aspergillus that belongs to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines.

Botryodiplodin is an antibiotic mycotoxin produced by Penicillium.

MT81 is a mycotoxin with antibiotic activity.

Sterpuric acid is a phytotoxic metabolite derived from the fungus Stereum purpureum, from which it derives its name.

Rubratoxin B is mycotoxin with anticancer activity made by Penicillium rubrum.

Beauvericin is a depsipeptide with antibiotic and insecticidal effects belonging to the enniatin family.

beta-Nitropropionic acid (3-nitropropanoic acid, BPA, 3-NPA, C3H5NO4) is a mycotoxin, a potent mitochondrial inhibitor, toxic to humans.

Tenuazonic acid is a mycotoxin produced by Alternaria species.

Zeranol (INN, USAN, BAN) (brand names Frideron, Ralabol, Ralgro, Ralone, Zerano; developmental code names MK-188, P-1496), or zearanol, also known as α-zearalanol or simply zearalanol, is a naturally occurring mycoestrogen found in fungi in the Fusarium genus and a non-steroidal estrogen used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary medicine.

Muscazone is a toxic psychoactive chemical compound.

Roquefortine C is a mycotoxin that belongs to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines produced by various fungi, particularly species from the Penicillium genus.

Zearalenone (ZEN), also known as RAL and F-2 mycotoxin, is a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Fusarium and Gibberella species.

Ochratoxin A—a toxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius, and Penicillium verrucosum—is one of the most-abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins.

Monocerin is a dihydroisocoumarin and a polyketide metabolite that originates from various fungal species.

Citrinin is a mycotoxin which is often found in food.

Vomitoxin, also known as deoxynivalenol (DON), is a type B trichothecene, an epoxy-sesquiterpenoid.

Fumonisin B1 is the most prevalent member of a family of toxins, known as fumonisins, produced by several species of Fusarium molds, such as Fusarium verticillioides, which occur mainly in maize (corn), wheat and other cereals.

Gyromitrin is a toxin and carcinogen present in several members of the fungal genus Gyromitra, G.

Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), also called anguidine, is a mycotoxin from the group of type A trichothecenes.

Diacetylverrucarol is a natural trichothecene produced by the fungus Myrothecium verrucaria.