Flashcards: microbio exam 1 (CH3

•Found everywhere (rarely alone)

•Are invisible

•Grown under artificial conditions

pure- 1 microb

Mixed- 2 or more known micro

contaminated- unwanted/ unknown microbs

•Inoculation-in container, manage in environment

•Incubation-controlled env Temp, PH, CO2, promote growth

•Isolation-seperate, pure

•Inspection-observing macroscopically/microscopically, see cell type

•Information gathering-•Biochemical tests, Enzyme characteristics, Genetic testing, Drug sensitivity, Immunological testing, overall profile

•Identification- determine identity, further research

streak plate- economical, but require skills

Loop dilution- consist result but require more time/material

spread plate- only useful for dilute samples

1.Physical form

-liquid

-semi solid for motility

-solid (liquefiable/ nonliquefiable)- isolating

2.Chemical composition (synthetic and complex)

3.Function(general purpose and enriched

-agar from red alga

liquid- broths

-semi solid-0.3 agar

-solid (liquefiable/ nonliquefiable)

Synthetic (defined) media:  Each ingredient is known precisely

Complex (undefined) media:  Not chemically defined.  Often contains extracts from plants or animals

•General purpose media: Grow a wide variety of microbes (nonsynthetic)

•trypticase soy broth

• nutrient agar

•Enriched media: Contains extra nutrients for  fastidious organisms (complex organic)

blood agar

•Selective media inhibits growth of all but one type of microbe

•Contains a selective agent (drug, NaCl…)

•Differential media allows all organisms to grow, but each appears different

•MacConkey agar detects fermentation of lactose(turn red)

simple staining- size and shape, 1 color

-basic dye(+)

acidic dye(-) nigrosine, india ink

differential staining- 2 or more dye (Biology of cell)

-gram-+ purple, -neg-red

-acid fast- hold fast to dye

-endospore- between spores and vegetable

structural staining

capsule

flagella

positive staining- dye stick to specimen

negative staining - dye stick to boundary

simple- (1 dye

differential- (primary dye, counterstain)

simple staining-

-basic dye(+) - staphylococcus aureus

acidic dye(-) - bacillus and staphylococcus

differential staining-

-gram •Staphylococcus, E. Coli

-acid fast- Mycobacterium leprae

-endospore- Bacillus anthracis

Clostridium tetani

structural staining

capsule

flagella

have positive charge

negative charge

stain cell with

crystal violet, methylene blue, safranin, malachite green

stain background with nigrosin and india ink

single dye, uncomplicated

2 dye to distinguish between cell type \

gram- positive thicker walls

acid fast

endospore

•Gram positive (appear purple)

•Staphylococcus

•Streptococcus

•Bacillus

•

•Gram negative (appear pink)

•E. Coli

•Salmonella

•Yersinia-plague

Mycobacterium leprae

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

outer wall hold to dye, appear pink

non acid fast appear blue

bacillum and clostridium

emphasize capsule, enddospore, flagella

cryptococcus

observing unstructured layer of cell of bacteria and fungi

often india ink

revealing flagella from bacteria

or cultivate

environment to multiply

culture microorganism in medium

individual bacterial cell separated from other

temperature controlled

grows from 1 cell

or pour plate

loop into liquid of agar tube then pored into petri dish to solidify

sample spread with inoculating loop

small volume liquid from diluted sample is spread by hocky stick

only microb from sample is present

2 or more microorganism

unknown microb

do not solidify at temp above freezing

broth, milk, infusison

thicker consistency, motility

liquefiable-liquid at 100C solidify at 42 C

nonliquefiable

polysaccharide isolated from red alga

pure chemical

can't be defined by chemical

animal extact, blood,

grow broad microb

nutrient agar, broth, heart infusions, soy agar TSA

complex substance blood, serum,

special growth factors

organic compounds like vitamins or amino acid that microbs can't snythesize themselves

bacteria that require growth factor and complex nurtients

1 or more agents that inhibit some mico except 1

several types of microorganism but bring out differences

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, chromosome

spin

run. tumbles,

Axial filament- •AKA periplasmic flagella.  Found in spirochetes (spiral shaped bacteria

•pilus- Small rigid tube used to transfer small amounts of bacterial DNA (conjugation)

-Typically found only in Gram negative bacteria

•Fimbriae are numerous small appendages used for attachment to surfaces/host cells

Bacteria with pili transfer DNA

Tight covering of proteins surrounding the cell, produced in harsh conditions

 A thick film composed of oils, sugars, and proteins that protect against dehydration and allows attachment to surfaces

communities of bacterial cell work together

thick Peptidoglycan layer

Teichoic acid

Lipoteichoic acid

 thin Peptidoglycan layer

LPS(lipopolysaccharide)- 

Mycobacterium , for tuberculosis. Need acid fast stain

Cell membrane- phospholipid and protein( selective permeability)

•Cytoplasmic matrix provides water for biochemical reactions

•Nucleoid contains genetic material

•Ribosome- protein synthesis(Prokaryotic  ribosomes 30S + 50S = 70S)

Inclusions- stores nutrients

Granules- crystals of inorganic compound

•Cytoskeleton provides support

Endospores are formed in response to poor growth conditions

Germinate happens with water

Vegetative cycle(active) and sporulation cycle

•Coccus 1-2 μM

•Bacillus 2-20 μM

•Spirillum10-200 μM

 collection of bacterial cell that share similar patterns of traits

 subcategory 

Prokaryotic cell live inside cell evolved into eukaryotic cell

flagella, cilia, glycocalx, cell wall sometimes, nucleus, organelles, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

Prokaryotic 30S & 50 = 70S

Eukaryotic 40S & 60S = 80S

Eukayote that is not fungus animal or plant

Simple eukaryotic cell that lack multicellular structure

Algea, protozoa,

•trophozoites (active, motile, feeding form) or cysts (inactive, resistant, survival structures)

Cyst form is generally more infectious as it can pass through the stomach

Active trophozoite, encystment environment is poor , become cyst. Excystment becomes trophozoite

food in complex organic form

virus,  no cell structure, depend on host cell, cause disease in animal, plant, fungi protozoa

Not nearly as complex as cells

No cell membrane, no nucleus, no organelles

Protein coat (capsid) surrounding a small amount of genetic material 

•Some viruses also have an envelope and protein spikes

composed of protein units called capsomers

•Helical capsids- capsomers wrapped around nucleic acid

•Coronavirus, •Rabies virus, •Influenza virus

•Icosahedral capsids have twenty sides, each made up of many capsomers- poliovirus

•Helical capsids consist of capsomers wrapped around nucleic acid

•Coronavirus

Bacteriophage- injection of nucleic acid through cell wall

Animal virus- whole vuris engulfed/ fused 

Absorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, release

Lytic Cycle Ends With the Lysis of the Bacterial Cell

•Lysogenic phase--viral DNA splices into the host cell chromosome.  Does not result in death of the host cell

Cell culture- mono layer. plaque= cell lysed

Egg- any tissue available in developing egg

Animal- slow expensive

abnormal, pathogenic agents that are transmissible and are able to induce abnormal folding of specific normal cellular (found in brain)

Sulfur, Phosphorous, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen (SPONCH)

large quantities, primarily for cell structure (Proteins, carbohydrates) DNA, lipid, protein

 Small quantities for microbial metabolism.  Often serve as co-factors for enzymes (Magnesium, Zinc)

Contain both carbon and hydrogen.  Organic molecules are living things or the products of living things (Sugars, lipids, alcohols)

Do not contain both carbon and hydrogen (NaCl, H2O, CO2)

use the carbon in CO2 and convert it into organic compounds (plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria)

 bodies of other organisms through decomposition or parasitism

Free living (decomposers)

May adapt to a host (Pseudomonas aeruginosa- cystic fibrosis)

 Must grow within a host (viruses, Mycobacterium leprae)

Derive both carbon and hydrogen from other organic compounds.  Several groups exist.

Prefix

•Auto  self

•Hetero  other

•Photo  light

•Sapro  rotten

•Halo  salt

•Thermo  heat

•Psychro  cold

•Meso  intermediate

•Aero  air

•Anaero  no air

•Baro  Pressure

troph  feed

phile   love

bios  live

tolerant/duric  survive   (but not grow)

heat loving

  tolerant of cold temperatures

must have a specific set of conditions for survival

 Requires specialized growth conditions

adapt to a wide range of conditions

can live with or without oxygen

Can only survive in the presence of a high concentration of salt

Molecules naturally move from high concentration to low concentration with no expenditure of energy (rarely works as a way of gathering food)

Cell membranes are semipermeable, most molecules are kept out, but water can diffuse in either direction

•Hypotonic solution:  The solution outside the cell has a lower concentration of solutes than is found inside the cell.  Net water movement is into the cell by osmosis.  Cell walls

•Hypertonic solution:  The solution outside the cell has a higher concentration of solutes than is found inside the cell.  Net water movement is out of the cell by osmosis.  Contractile vacuoles.

•Isotonic solution:  The solution outside the cell has the same concentration of solutes as that found inside the cell.  There is no net water movement.

•facilitated diffusion- Protein channels in the cell membrane allow specific molecules to enter and exit quickly with no energy used

-Better than diffusion but still not adequate

-Requires a separate protein channel for each type of molecule

-A gradient (high to low concentration must still exist

nergy is used to move molecules from a low concentration to a higher concentration

ingest cell

 ingest liquid

•Minimum: No growth below

•Maximum: No growth above

•Optimum: Growth occurs most quickly

•Psychrophiles:   Optimum below 15°C

•Mesophiles:   Optimum between 10°C and 50°C

•Thermophiles:  Optimum 45°C to 80°C

•Hyperthermophiles:  Optimum above 80°C

Bacterial species that live in aerobic environments must possess enzymes to deal with the toxic byproducts of oxygen based metabolism (02-, H2O2, OH-).  Two enzymes generally get the job done

•Superoxide dismutase converts O2--> H2O2

•Catalase converts H2O2 -> H2O and O2

posses catalase to dismutes and use oxygen in metabolism

posesses neither, live in environment without oxygen

will use oxygen is available, not necessary

6 and pH 8

1% NaCl

icrobes are closely associated (same place and time)

-termites and trichonymphs

One member benefits, the other is not harmed (cow and bird)

-Staphylococcus aureus produces growth factors as it grows. Haemophilus colonies grow next to a streak of S. aureus

One member benefits at the expense of another

•Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in the process of killing a cell

 Members of the association are not always closely linked in time/space

Multiple species may work together to complete a task (decompose pig)

Organisms work against one another