b
Which is more common?
a) meningitis
b) encephalitis
mucosal colonization/infection, immunoglobulins inhibit colonization, bacteria invade bloodstream, bacteria invade CNS via BBB, bacteria replicate freely in SA space
What is the pathophysiological cascade of meningitis? (5)
a
Invade the CNS via motor neurons that are outside of the BBB.
a) neuronal encephalitis
b) hematogenous encephalitis
b
Invade the CNS via the BBB.
a) neuronal encephalitis
b) hematogenous encephalitis
b
Capillary endothelial cells are infected.
a) neuronal encephalitis
b) hematogenous encephalitis
a
CNS damage is caused by inflammation.
a) meningitis
b) encephalitis
b
CNS damage is caused by direct cell damage.
a) meningitis
b) encephalitis
strep. pneumo, neisseria meningitis, listeria
What are the common pathogens involved in meningitis? (3)
babies, older adults, pregnant
Which groups of people are more susceptible to Listeria-induced
Meningitis?
nuchal rigidity, altered mental status, photophobia, severe headache, fever
What are the symptoms of Meningitis? (5)
altered mental status, seizures, severe headache
What are the symptoms of Encephalitis? (3)
b
Involuntary flexion of the patient's hips and knees occurs in response to neck flexion.
a) Kernig's sign
b) Brudzinski's sign
a
Patient experiences pain and exhibits resistance to the extension of the knee
a) Kernig's sign
b) Brudzinski's sign
brain herniation
________ may occur following lumbar puncture if intracranial pressure is elevated.
opening pressure, WBC, differential, protein, glucose, CSF/blood glucose ratio
Which labs are examined in Meningitis/Encephalitis? (6)
5-20 cm H2O
The normal value for Opening pressure =
< 5 cells
The normal value for WBC =
lymphocytes
Normal/viral/fungal differential =
neutrophils
Bacterial differential=
<50 mg/dL
Normal protein =
45-80 mg/dL
Glucose=
50-60%
CSF/blood glucose ratio =
false
In the treatment of Meningitis/Encephalitis, we should wait for fluid cultures before starting therapy. T/F
10-20 min before or with 1st dose of ABs; all patients with suspected/proven pneumococcal meningitis
When do we administer Dexamethasone? Who do we administer it to?
dexamethasone can lower inflammatory response and decrease vancomycin CNS penetration
What do we have to consider when giving a patient Dexamethasone?
ampicillin + cefotaxime or aminoglycoside
What is the empiric treatment for a patient less than 1 month old?
vancomycin + 3rd gen ceph
What is the empiric treatment for a patient who is 1 month -50 years old?
vancomycin + 3rd gen ceph + ampicillin
What is the empiric treatment for a patient who is > 50 years old? (3)
amphotericin + flucytosine OR fluconazole
What is the treatment for cryptococcus species? (2)
acyclovir
What is the treatment for HSV & Varicella?
supportive care
What is the treatment for Enterovirus & Arbovirus?
acyclovir, fluconazole, flucytosine, metronidazole
Which Antimicrobials penetrate the CNS without inflammation? (4)
augmentin, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, vancomycin
Which Antimicrobials penetrate the CNS ONLY with inflammation? (6)
cryptococcus
Which CNS infection has a treatment course for up to a year?
vancomycin + antipseudomonal agent; 10-14 days
What is the empiric therapy for Healthcare-associated
Ventriculitis/Meningitis?
How long is the treatment?
n. meningitis
Which organism requires post-exposure prophylaxis?
rifampin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin
What is the treatment for post-exposure prophylaxis? (3)
NSAIDs, IVIG, bactrim, mAB, lamotrigine, carbamazepine
Which medications can cause meningitis? (6)
MMR, hepatitis, diptheria
Which vaccines can cause meningitis? (3)