The circulatory system is a _____ that has a _____ flow rate.
closed loop
nonconstant
The nonconstant flow of the circulatory system is a result of ...
... valves, gravity, the physical properties of our vessels (elasticity, in particular), and the mechanics of the heart.
The nonconstant flow of the circulatory system can be felt as a _____.
pulse
There is a loss of volume from the circulation as a result of a difference between _____ and _____ pressures. As a result, the _____ cannot accurately be applied
osmotic (oncotic)
hydrostatic
continuity equation
Blood volume entering the heart is always _____ blood volume leaving the heart during a single cycle.
equal to
As blood flows away from the heart, each vessel has a progressively _____ resistance until the capillaries. The total resistance of the system _____ because the increased number of vessels are ...
higher
decreases
... in parallel with each other. (This is analogous to resistors in parallel in electric circuits)
Return blood flow to the heart is facilitated by three things (primarily):
1) _____ causing _____
2) _____ causing _____
3) the pressure gradients created in the _____ by _____.
mechanical squeezing of the skeletal muscles causing an increase in pressure in the limbs
the expansion of the heart causing a decreases in pressure in the heart
thorax by inhalation and exhalation
Venous circulation holds approximately _____ as much blood as arterial circulation.
three times
Heart murmurs, which result from _____, are heard because of _____.
structural defects of the heart
turbulent blood flow
During inspiration, there is a _____ pressure gradient that moves air _____.
negative
into the lungs
During expiration, there is a _____ pressure gradient that moves air _____.
positive
out of the lungs
When air reaches the alveoli, it has _____.
essentially no speed
The total resistance of the respiratory system _____ as lung travels further into the lungs.
decreases
The continuity equation _____ be applied to human circulation.
cannot