Mechanism of chloride transport in respiratory tract
the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Mutation in allele for this gene is the cause of cystic fibrosis
PFT- Residual Volume
amount of air in the lungs after a maximal expiration, measured with plethysmography or helium dilution
PFT-Functional residual capacity
amount of air in the lungs after a normal, quiet expiration
PFT- Tidal volume
volume of air moved in a normal breath
PFT- Total lung capacity
volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration
PFT- Vital Capacity
volume of air moved during complete expiration from total lung capacity (also equals TLC – RV)
Surfactant producing cells
type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC)
Lung protections
1. Mucociliary clearance 2. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) 3. Alveolar macrophages phagocytose invaders and kill them with proteases and ROS 4. Alpha-1 antiprotease (also called alpha-1 antitrypsin)—made by the liver, blocks leukocyte proteases from damaging self-cells and tissues
Genetic disorder that predisposes people to emphysema
alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency- homozygotes for abnormal AAT gene have greater emphysema risk, particularly if they smoke
Forced expiratory (FE) maneuvers
subjects take maximal inspiration, then attempt to blow the air out as fast and hard as possible, the amount expelled in the first second (FEV1) is typically around 80%. FEV1 is limited by compression of small airways
Mediator of acute asthma attacks
Type 1 hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction. Mediated by histamine
Site of renal filtration
glomerulus
Site of renal processing and reabsorbtion
Tubule
Hormones produced by kidneys
Renin, erythropoietin and activated Vitamin D (bone strength, mood and immune function)
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Primary indicator of global kidney function. Measured in mL/min. Directly proportional to the number of functioning nephrons (declines in kidney disease)
Diabetic nephropathy results from persistent elevations in glucose levels that promote glucose/protein bonding. This is called:
Glycated protein formation
inflammation within glomeruli
Glomerulonephritis
Presentation of glomerular disease
Urinary: oliguria, proteinuria, hematuria, red blood cell casts and dark, tea-colored urine
Systemic: Azotemia (Increased serum CR and BUN), HTN, Edema of face, upper extremities and ascites (in children), fatigue
Autoregulation
Property of maintaining relatively constant flow over a wide range of perfusion rates
Water has been reabsorbed under normal conditions of antidiuresis due to the actions of:
arginine vasopressin (AVP)
Implications of Acute Tubule Dysfunction
1.Retention of sodium, chloride, and water cause hypertension and edema 2. Failure of bicarbonate reabsorption and hydrogen ion secretion cause metabolic acidosis 3. Blood levels of wastes increase, including urea and creatinine 4. Renally excreted drugs build up to toxic levels 5. Renal replacement therapy (RRT—dialysis) can be used as needed until normalkidney function recovers (If it recovers)
RAAS
Angiotensin promotes thirst and drinking, as well as vasoconstriction. Aldosterone secretion promotes late distal tubule sodium transport, restoring
total body sodium (H2O follows sodium)
Compensation for hypotension and/or hypovolemia
SNS (vasoconstriction), RAAS. AVP
Renal compensations for HTN and/or hypervolemia
Inhibition of hypotensive responses and stimulation natriuretic hormones from the heart (inhibiting sodium reabsorption and promoting vasodilation)
Most common cause of kidney damage in children
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Markers of Renal Function
Serum CR (to estimate GFR), Lab meausre of GFR (requires IV infusion of marker), Cystatin C, BUN (blood urea nitrogen), Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), UA, MicroUA
Scarring of the nephrons
Glomerulosclerosis
Process of breaking down large amounts of unused glucose (hyperglycemia)
Glycation
the pressure surrounding the lung, within the pleural space
Pleural pressure
the pressure difference between the pleural space and the alveolar space
transpulmonary pressure
Pleural effusion
buildup of too much fluid between the pleura and lungs. Associate with painful inspiration