Flashcards: LEC 2,3

Likeness or Similarity

Difference

Interdependence

Cooperation

Organization

Social Control

Likeness or similarity is considered as an essential pre-requisite of society. In the words of MacIver* “society means likeness”. It exists among the like-beings, like-bodied and like-minded. It is likeness which provides comfort and it causes various institutions and associations to exist and continue.

Society also involves differences. Differences within the society are not excluded. Mere similarity or likeness will brings human society very close to animal society. The essence of society depends as much on difference as on likenesses.

It is not possible for individuals in a society to satisfy its needs in isolation. The individual needs society because its nature compels him/her to live in it. The individual can by no means cut adrift from society.

Society implies cooperation. Cooperation may be direct or indirect and it plays a vital role in every society. Society cannot exist without without cooperation.

No society can be healthy and prosperous without cooperation. Consequently it leads to the protection and conservation of resources.

Society has its own individual and unique organization. It is the division of some kind or other which marks this organization.

Society always requires an organization for its formation.

Society has its own ways and means of controlling the behavior of its members. Cooperation exists in society. But side by side competitions, conflicts, tensions, revolts and suppressions are also there. They appear and reappear off and on. They are to be controlled.

Biological Differences

Socio-cultural Differences

Physical structure of the members

Mental Capacity

Capacity to Stand Straight

Memory

Human Society is a society of civilized and cultured beings.

Animal Society is based on instincts

Social Awareness

Mode of Organization

Absence of Symbolic Communication

To supply or fill with people

human migration, the permanent change of residence by an individual or group; it

excludes such movements as nomadism,

migrant labour, commuting, and tourism, all of which are transitory in nature.

Labor migration

Forced migration

Human trafficking and modern slavery

Environmental migration

The movement of persons from one State to another, or within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment.

The movement of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters.

The action or practice of illegally transporting people from one country or area to another, typically for the purposes of forced labor or sexual exploitation.

Persons or groups of persons who, predominantly for reasons of sudden or progressive changes in the environment that adversely affect their lives or living conditions, are obliged to leave their habitual homes, or choose to do so, either temporarily or permanently, and who move within their country or abroad.

austronesian migration theory

Otley Beyer's Wave migration theory

Jocano's theory of earlier evolution and movement

• Austronesian Migration Theory propounds on the expansion of a group of people called the

Austronesians from Asia into the Pacific b

means of Taiwan 6,000 years ago. It was a

theory proposed by Peter Bellwood a

professor of Archeology.

Dawn of man cave-man

Aboriginal pygmy group, the Negritos

Sea faring tool using Indonesian group

More civilized malays

Fossil evidence of ancient men that migrated to the Philippines because they discovered a tabon man skull cap in palawan

is the instantaneous state of the atmosphere around us. It consists of short-term variations over minutes to days of variables such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, air pressure, cloudiness, radiation, wind, and visibility

limited to days.

Cyclone

Breeze

Monsoon

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

El Niño

La Niña

Large and violent whirlwind observed in different parts of the earth.

In the Philippines it is called – Tropical Cyclones

Tropical Cyclones

TropicaI depression (61 kph)

TropicaI storm (62-88 kph)

Severe tropical storm (89-117 kph)

Typhoon (118 kph)

Super typhoon (200 kph)

Eye

Eyewall

Rain bands

Cyclones are born over bodies of water and dies over landmasses

Winds which blow onto the shore during daytime and away from the shore during nighttime.

At daytime, warm air rises and the cooler air above sea moves towards land.

are the winds which blow onto the shore from the sea during daytime and away from the shore during nighttime.

A breeze in a larger scale. Monsoon winds are stronger than ordinary breezes as they are formed by high temperatures in the coastal areas.

It is the group of clouds which bring weak to moderate rains and few thunderstorms. It forms due to the clashing winds coming from the Northern and Southern Hemisphere.

The ITCZ

It is characterized by unusual and periodic warming of the sea surface.

is characterized by unusually cold temperatures of the oceans and seas around

the equatorial region.

Is characterized by prolonged periods of rain which causes floods and landslides.

is the statistics of weather over a longer period. It can be thought of as the average weather that varies slowly over periods of months, or longer.

In short: ‘Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.’

Distance from the sea (Continentality)

Ocean currents

Direction of prevailing winds

The shape of the land ('relief')

Distance from the equator

Human influence

The sea affects the climate of a place. Coastal areas are cooler and wetter than inland areas. Clouds form when warm air from inland areas meets cool air from the sea. The centre of continents are subject to a large range of temperatures. In the summer, temperatures can be very hot and dry as moisture from the sea evaporates before it reaches the centre of the land mass.

Ocean currents can increase or reduce temperatures.

Winds that blow from the sea often bring rain to the coast and dry weather to inland areas.

Climate can be affected by mountains. Mountains receive more rainfall than low lying areas because as air is forced over the higher ground it cools, causing moist air to condense and fall out as rainfall. The higher the place is above sea level the colder it will be. This happens because as altitude increases, air becomes thinner and is less able to absorb and retain heat. That is why you may see snow on the top of mountains all year round.

The distance from the equator affects the climate of a place. At the poles, energy from the sun reaches the Earth's surface at lower angles and passes through a thicker layer of atmosphere than at the equator. This means the climate is cooler further from the Equator. The poles also experience the greatest difference between summer and winter day lengths: in the summer there is a period when the sun does not set at the poles; conversely the poles also experience a period of total darkness during winter. In contrast, day length varies little at the equator.

The factors above affect the climate naturally. However, humans also affect the climate. Early on in human history our effect on the climate would have been quite small. However, as populations increased and trees were cut down in large numbers, so our influence on the climate increased. Trees take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. A reduction in trees will therefore have increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

The Industrial Revolution, starting at the end of the 19th Century, has had a huge effect on climate.