Flashcards: Islamic terminology

Sayyid (also spelled Syed, Seyd, Sayed, Sayyad, Sayyed, Saiyid, Seyed, Said and Seyyed) (pronounced [səj.jɪd], Arabic: سيد‎‎; meaning Mister) (plural Sadah Arabic: سادة‎‎, Sāda(h), also spelled Sadat) is an honorific title denoting males accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali, sons of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and his son-in-law Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib).

The Asr prayer (Arabic: صلاة العصر‎‎ ṣalāt al-ʿaṣr, "afternoon prayer") is the afternoon daily prayer recited by practising Muslims.

In Islam, Bid‘ah (Arabic: بدعة‎‎; English: innovation) refers to innovation in religious matters.

Iqta‘ (Arabic: اقطاع‎‎) was an Islamic practice of tax farming that became common in Muslim Asia during the Buyid dynasty.

Ijmāʿ (Arabic: إجماع‎‎) is an Arabic term referring to the consensus or agreement of the Muslim scholars basically on religious issues.

A marabout (Arabic: مَربوط‎‎ marbūṭ or مُرابِط murābiṭ, "one who is attached/garrisoned") is a Muslim religious leader and teacher in West Africa, and (historically) in the Maghreb.

Zuhd in Arabic, encompasses both the Islamic concept of asceticism and more specifically the concept of renunciation.

"An eye for an eye", or the law of retaliation, is the principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar degree, or in softer interpretations, the victim receives the [estimated] value of the injury in compensation.

Iman in Islamic theology denotes a believer's faith in the metaphysical aspects of Islam.

Jizya or jizyah (Arabic: جزية‎‎ ǧizyah IPA: [dʒizja]; Ottoman Turkish: جزيه/cizye) is a per capita yearly tax historically levied by Islamic states on certain non-Muslim subjects—dhimmis—permanently residing in Muslim lands under Islamic law.

Kafir (Arabic: كافر‎‎ kāfir; plural كفّار kuffār; feminine كافرة kāfirah) is an Arabic term (from the root K-F-R "to cover") "unbeliever", or "disbeliever".

Khutbah (Arabic: خطبة khuṭbah, Turkish: hutbe) serves as the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition.

Mihrab (Arabic: محراب‎‎ miḥrāb, pl. محاريب maḥārīb) is a semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla; that is, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and hence the direction that Muslims should face when praying.

The term aṣ-ṣaḥābah (Arabic: الصحابة‎‎ meaning "the companions", from the verb صَحِبَ meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with") refers to the companions, disciples, scribes and family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Sunnah (sunnah, سنة, Arabic: [sunna], plural سنن sunan [sunan]) is the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions (or disapprovals) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as various reports about Muhammad's companions.

A waqf, also spelled wakf (Arabic: وقف‎‎, pronounced [ˈwɑqf]; plural Arabic: أوقاف‎‎, awqāf; Turkish: vakıf, Urdu: وقف‎), or mortmain property, is, under the context of charity "sadaqah", an inalienable religious endowment in Islamic law, typically donating a building or plot of land or even cash for Muslim religious or charitable purposes with no intention of reclaiming the assets.

Ummah (Arabic: أمة‎‎) is an Arabic word meaning "community".

ʾĀkhirah (Arabic: الآخرة‎‎) is an Islamic term referring to the afterlife.

(This article is about the interjection. For other uses, see Amen (disambiguation).) The word amen (/ˌɑːˈmɛn/ or /ˌeɪˈmɛn/; Hebrew: אָמֵן, Modern amen, Tiberian ʾāmēn; Greek: ἀμήν; Arabic: آمين‎‎, ʾāmīn ; "So be it; truly") is a declaration of affirmation found in the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament.

Jahiliyyah (Arabic: جاهلية‎‎ ǧāhiliyyah/jāhilīyah "ignorance") is an Islamic concept of "ignorance of divine guidance" or "the state of ignorance of the guidance from God" or "Days of Ignorance" referring to the barbaric condition in which Arabs found themselves in pre-Islamic Arabia (in the non-Islamic sense), i.

Nous (British: /ˈnaʊs/; US: /ˈnuːs/), sometimes equated to intellect or intelligence, is a philosophical term for the faculty of the human mind which is described in classical philosophy as necessary for understanding what is true or real.

("Allahu Akbar" redirects here. For the national anthem of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, see Allahu Akbar (anthem). For other uses, see Allahu Akbar (disambiguation).) The Takbīr (تَكْبِير), also transcribed Tekbir or Takbeer, is the term for the Arabic phrase Allāhu akbar (الله أكبر), usually translated as "God is [the] greatest".

Tawhid (Arabic: توحيد‎‎ tawḥīd, meaning the oneness [of God]"; also transliterated as Tawheed and Towheed) is the indivisible oneness concept of monotheism in Islam.

Qadar (Arabic: قدر‎‎, transliterated qadar, meaning "fate", "divine fore-ordainment", "predestination") is the concept of divine destiny in Islam.

Adab (Arabic: أدب‎‎) in the context of behavior, refers to prescribed Islamic etiquette: "refinement, good manners, morals, decorum, decency, humaneness".

The Shahada (Arabic: الشهادة‎‎ aš-šahādah , "the testimony"; aš-šahādatān (الشَهادَتانْ, "the two testimonials"); also Kalima Shahadat [كلمة الشهادة, "the testimonial word"]), is an Islamic creed declaring belief in the oneness of God (tawhid) and the acceptance of Muhammad as God's prophet.

Zakat (Arabic: زكاة‎‎ zakāt, "that which purifies", also Zakat al-mal Arabic: زكاة ألمال‎‎, "zakat on wealth") is a form of alms-giving treated as a religious tax and/or religious obligation in Islam, which, by Qur'anic ranking, immediately follows prayer (salat) in importance.

A dhimmī (Arabic: ذمي‎‎ ḏimmī, IPA: [ˈðɪmmiː], collectively أهل الذمة ahl al-ḏimmah/dhimmah "the people of the dhimma") is a historical term referring to non-Muslim citizens of an Islamic state.

Ulama (/ˈuːləˌmɑː/; Arabic: علماء‎‎ ʿUlamāʾ, singular عالِم ʿĀlim, "scholar", literally "the learned ones", also spelled ulema; feminine: alimah (singular) and uluma (plural)), is defined as the "those recognized as scholars or authorities" in the "religious hierarchy" of the Islamic religious studies.

Ta'zieh or Ta'zïye or Ta'zīya or Tazīa, (Arabic: تعزية‎‎, Persian: تعزیه‎‎, Urdu: تعزیہ‎) means comfort, condolence.

Murabaḥah, murabaḥa or murâbaḥah (Arabic: مرابحة‎‎, derived from ribh Arabic: ربح‎‎, the term for profit) is a term of Islamic fiqh or jurisprudence for a sale where the buyer and seller agree on the markup for the item(s) being sold.

Al-ʿAqīdah aṭ-Ṭaḥāwiyya Arabic: العقيدة الطحاوية ‎‎ is a popular exposition of Sunni Muslim doctrine written by the tenth-century Egyptian theologian and Hanafi jurist Abu Ja'far Ahmad at-Tahawi.

A musalla (Arabic: مصلى‎, translit. muṣallā‎) is an open space outside a mosque, that is mainly used for praying.

Shukr (Arabic شكر ), an Arabic term denoting thankfulness, gratitude, or acknowledgment by humans, is a highly esteemed virtue in Islam.

Istishhad (Arabic: استشهاد‎‎) is the Arabic word for "martyrdom", "death of a martyr", or "heroic death".

Mawlā (Arabic: مولى‎‎), plural mawālī (Arabic: موالي‎‎) is a polysemous Arabic word, whose meaning varied in different periods and contexts.

Welayah (Arabic: وِلاية‎‎) means "guardianship".