Unstimulated ___________ ____ of the heart maintain a stable resting membrane potential
Autorhythmic ____________ ____ that depolarize spontaneously are part of the intrinsic cardiac conduction system they have an ___________ resting potential that continuously depolarizes toward the threshold
contractile cells
stable
pacemaker cells
unstable
depolarize
1. Pacemaker potential
Ion channels in the _____________ have special properties
_______________ at the end of the action potential both _________ ____________ __________ and _______ ______ ________ __________ the sodium influx causes membrane interior to become _______ _________
sarcolemma
hyperpolarization
closes potassium channels
opens slow sodium channels
less negative
2. Depolarization
Threshold at ______ causes _________ _________ to open allowing for explosive entry of calcium from extracellular space, this causes ___________ _____ to reverse their __________ _________ due to the influx of calcium
-40mV
calcium channels
pacemaker cells
membrane potentials
3. Repolarization
___________ _________ inactivate the falling phase of the action potential happens due to ________ __________ __________
calcium channels
open potassium channels
Once repolarization is complete, _________ ___________ ______, and the ____________ _____ slowly depolarize again
potassium channels close
pacemaker cells
state the sequence of excitation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
sinoatrial node
atrioventricular node
atrioventricular bundle
right and left bundle branches
subendocardial conducting network