What is a Brønsted–Lowry acid?
A Brønsted–Lowry acid is a proton/H+ donor.
What is a Brønsted–Lowry base?
A Brønsted–Lowry base is a proton/H+ acceptor.
What are amphiprotic species?
Amphiprotic species can act as both Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases.
What is a conjugate acid-base pair?
A pair of species differing by a single proton is called a conjugate acid-base pair.
What are some observable characteristic chemical reactions that most acids have?
Most acids have observable characteristic chemical reactions with reactive metals, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, hydrogen carbonates, and carbonates.
What is produced in exothermic neutralisation reactions?
Salt and water are produced in exothermic neutralisation reactions.
What is the formula for pH?
pH = − log[H+(aq)]
What is the formula for [H+]?
[H+] = 10−pH
What does a change of one pH unit represent?
A change of one pH unit represents a 10-fold change in the hydrogen ion concentration [𝐻𝐻+].
What do pH values distinguish between?
pH values distinguish between acidic, neutral and alkaline solutions.
What is the ionic product constant?
The ionic product constant, 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 = [H+][OH−] = 10−14 at 298 K.
How do strong and weak acids and bases differ?
Strong and weak acids and bases differ in the extent of ionization.
How do the conductivities of strong and weak acids and bases compare?
Strong acids and bases of equal concentrations have higher conductivities than weak acids and bases.
What is a strong acid?
A strong acid is a good proton donor and has a weak conjugate base.
What is a strong base?
A strong base is a good proton acceptor and has a weak conjugate acid.
Why is rain naturally acidic?
Rain is naturally acidic because of dissolved CO2 and has a pH of 5.6.
What is acid deposition?
Acid deposition is formed when nitrogen or sulfur oxides dissolve in water to form HNO3, HNO2, H2SO4, and H2SO3.
What are the sources of the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen?
The sources of the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen are important topics of discussion related to acid deposition.
What is a Lewis acid?
A Lewis acid is a lone pair acceptor.
What is a Lewis base?
A Lewis base is a lone pair donor.
What is formed when a Lewis base reacts with a Lewis acid?
When a Lewis base reacts with a Lewis acid, a coordinate bond is formed.
What is a nucleophile?
A nucleophile is a Lewis base.
What is an electrophile?
An electrophile is a Lewis acid.
What is the expression for the dissociation constant of a weak acid?
The expression for the dissociation constant of a weak acid is Ka.
What is the expression for the dissociation constant of a weak base?
The expression for the dissociation constant of a weak base is Kb.
What is the equation that relates Ka and Kb for a conjugate acid-base pair?
For a conjugate acid base pair, Ka × Kb = Kw.
What is the relationship between Ka and pKa?
The relationship between Ka and pKa is (pKa = -log Ka).
What is the relationship between Kb and pKb?
The relationship between Kb and pKb is (pKb = -log Kb).
What do the pH curves produced by the different combinations of strong and weak acids and bases show?
The characteristics of the pH curves produced by the different combinations of strong and weak acids and bases should be covered.
What is an acid-base indicator?
An acid-base indicator is a weak acid or a weak base where the components of the conjugate acid-base pair have different colours.
What is the relationship between the pH range of an acid-base indicator and its pKa value?
The relationship between the pH range of an acid-base indicator, which is a weak acid, and its pKa value should be covered.
What does the buffer region on the pH curve represent?
The buffer region on the pH curve represents the region where small additions of acid or base result in little or no change in pH.