Flashcards: Hydroxy acids

Kynurenic acid (KYNA or KYN) is a product of the normal metabolism of amino acid L-tryptophan.

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of artificial vanilla flavorings and is an end-stage metabolite of the catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

Homovanillic acid (HOC6H3(OCH3)CH2COOH; synonyms: 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid; HVA; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzeneacetic acid; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid) is a major catecholamine metabolite and is produced by the consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyl transferase on dopamine.

3-Dehydroquinic acid (DHQ) is the first carbocyclic intermediate of the shikimate pathway.

Myriocin, also known as antibiotic ISP-1 and thermozymocidin, is an atypical amino acid and an antibiotic derived from certain thermophilic fungi.

Prephenic acid, commonly also known by its anionic form prephenate, is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.

Lactic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)CO2H.

Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O5.

γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a psychoactive drug.

Tartaric acid is a white crystalline organic acid that occurs naturally in many plants, most notably in grapes.

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, a phenolic derivative of benzoic acid.

Syringic acid is a naturally occurring O-methylated trihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of chemical compound.

Glycolic acid (hydroacetic acid or hydroxyacetic acid); chemical formula C2H4O3 (also written as HOCH2CO2H), is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).

Shikimic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.

Mandelic acid is an aromatic alpha hydroxy acid with the molecular formula C6H5CH(OH)CO2H.

Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid.

Citric acid is a weak organic tricarboxylic acid having the chemical formula C6H8O7.

Carnitine is an amino acid derivative and nutrient involved in lipid (fat) metabolism in mammals and other eukaryotes.

β-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as 3-hydroxybutyric acid, is an organic compound and a beta hydroxy acid with the formula CH3CH(OH)CH2CO2H; its conjugate base is beta-hydroxybutyrate, also known as 3-hydroxybutyrate.

Mevalonic acid (MVA) is a key organic compound in biochemistry.

Isocitric acid is an organic compound closely related to citric acid.

Diethyl tartrate is an organic compound, the ethyl ester of tartaric acid.

N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac or NANA) is the predominant sialic acid found in mammalian cells.

Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate growth and influence various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, sex expression, enzyme induction, and leaf and fruit senescence.

Abscisic acid (ABA), also known as abscisin II and dormin, is best known as a plant hormone.

Pangamic acid, also called pangamate, is the name given to the chemical compound described as d-gluconodimethylamino acetic acid, initially promoted by Ernst T.

Chorismic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form chorismate, is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms.

Quinic acid is a cyclitol, a cyclic polyol, and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.

2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA or leucic acid) is a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine.

10-Hydroxydecanic acid is a specialized Saturated fatty acid that is a minor constituent of royal jelly.

3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid (DHMA, DOMA) is a metabolite of norepinephrine.

4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a chemical compound found in olive oil and beer.

4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid (UMB68) is a tertiary alcohol, similar in structure to the drug GHB.

Monatin, commonly known as arruva, is a naturally occurring, high intensity sweetener isolated from the plant Sclerochiton ilicifolius, found in the Transvaal region of South Africa.

4-Hydroxymandelic acid is a chemical compound used to synthesize atenolol.

Homocitric acid is an organic compound with the formula HOC(CO2H)(CH2CO2H)(C2H4CO2H).

Bicine is an organic compound used as a buffering agent.

γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB) (brand names Gamibetal, Gabomade, Aminoxan, Bogil, Diastal, Gabimex, Gaboril, Kolpo), or β-hydroxy-γ-aminobutyric acid (β-hydroxy-GABA), is an anticonvulsant which is used for the treatment of epilepsy in Europe, Japan, and Mexico.

γ-Hydroxyvaleric acid (GHV), also known as 4-methyl-GHB, is a designer drug related to γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB).

Lesquerolic acid is a hydroxy acid that occurs naturally in Paysonia lasiocarpa and other Paysonia and Physaria species.

13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) is the commonly used term for 13(S)-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HODE).

9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-hydroxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid or 9-HODE) has been used in the literature to designate either or both of two stereoisomer metabolites of the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid: 9(S)-hydroxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9(S)-HODE) and 9(R)-hydroxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9(R)-HODE); these two metabolites differ in having their hydroxy residues in the S or R configurations, respectively.

Pantoic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid which is a component of some biologically active compounds.

Hydroxypyruvic acid is a pyruvic acid derivative with the formula C3H4O4 and a neutral charge with an atomic mass of 104.

2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of isoleucine.

3-Hydroxypentanoic acid, or beta-hydroxypentanoate is a 5-carbon ketone body.

3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid (or 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) is an intermediate in the metabolism of valine.

3-Hydroxypropionic acid is a carboxylic acid, specifically a beta hydroxy acid.

Tropic acid is a chemical with IUPAC name 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoic acid and condensed structural formula HOCH2CHPhCOOH.

3,11-Dihydroxydodecanoic acid is a chemical found in royal jelly.

3,10-Dihydroxydecanoic acid is a chemical found in royal jelly.

3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is a signalling chemical emitted by the orchid Cymbidium floribundum and recognized by Japanese honeybees (Apis cerana japonica).

Myrmicacin (3-hydroxydecanoic acid) is a chemical compound of the β-hydroxycarboxylic acid class.

Isopropylmalic acid (isopropylmalate) is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of leucine, synthesized from oxoisovalerate by 2-isopropylmalate synthase and converted into isopropyl-3-oxosuccinate by 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase.

(Not to be confused with β-Hydroxybutyric acid.) β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB), otherwise known as its conjugate base, β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (hydroxymethylbutyrate, HMB), is a naturally occurring metabolite in humans that is used as an ingredient in medical foods and sold as a dietary supplement.

The queen bee acid (10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid) or 10-HDA is a bio-active compound found in royal jelly.

Threonic acid is a sugar acid derived from threose.

Citrinin is a mycotoxin which is often found in food.

Ricinoleic acid, formally called 12-hydroxy-9-cis-octadecenoic acid is a fatty acid.

Glyceric acid is a natural three-carbon sugar acid.

Xanthurenic acid, or xanthurenate, is a chemical shown to induce gametogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes malaria.

Cyclobutyrol is a drug used in bile therapy.